Munchausen Syndrome Essay Example

Munchausen Syndrome Essay Munchausen Syndrome 1 Running head: Munchausen Syndrome Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy 5 References Author: Ibrahim Abdulhamid, MD, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Wayne State University; Director of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Clinical Director of Pediatric Sleep Laboratory, Childrens Hospital of Michigan Coauthor(s): Patricia T Siegel, PhD, Assistant Professor, Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine Contributor Information and Disclosures Updated: Mar 26, 2008 Mary E. Muscari, PhD, CPNP, APRN-BC Experts And Viewpoint,  Medscape Nurses,  April  2008 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy 2 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy I chose to write my paper on Munchausen Syndrome by proxy because I find it very fascinating and disturbing that people could actually harm their children or themselves for attention. Munchausen syndrome is a condition in which a person intentionally fakes, simulates, worsens, or self-induces an injury or illness for the main purpose of  being treated like a medical patient. The term Munchausen syndrome is often used interchangeably with factitious disorder. Factitious disorder refers to any illness that is intentionally produced for the main purpose of assuming the sick role,  although that purpose is unknown  to the sick person. Munchausen syndrome most appropriately describes persons who have a chronic variant of a factitious disorder with mostly physical signs and symptoms, although there are reports regarding psychological Munchausen syndrome, meaning that the simulated symptoms are psychiatric. We will write a custom essay sample on Munchausen Syndrome specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Munchausen Syndrome specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Munchausen Syndrome specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Persons with Munchausen syndrome intentionally cause signs and symptoms of an illness or injury by inflicting medical harm to their body, often to the point of having to be hospitalized. They may lie about or fake symptoms. They are sometimes eager to undergo invasive medical interventions. They are also known to move from doctor to doctor, hospital to hospital, or town to town to find a new audience once they have exhausted the workup and treatment options available in a given medical setting. Persons with Munchausen syndrome  may also make false claims about their accomplishments, credentials. A related condition, called Munchausen by proxy syndrome, refers to a caregiver who fakes symptoms by causing injury to someone else, often a child, and then wants to be with that person in a hospital or similar medical setting. Victims are equally divided between male and female, and children most at risk are those aged 15 months to 72 months. Older children subjected to Munchausen syndrome by proxy often collude with their mothers by confirming even the most unlikely stories about their medical histories, sometimes out of fear of contradicting their mothers and other times because of their mothers persuasion over time. Some of these children believe that they are ill with a mysterious disorder that the physicians Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy 3 cannot figure out. In other cases, the child is aware that the mothers explanation is improbable but fails to speak, fearing the mothers revenge or that no one will believe him or her. In mild Munchausen by proxy, affected individuals fabricate medical histories for their children and lie about their children being sick rather than actively causing sickness. Their motivation is the emotional gratification they receive from medical attention. In intense Munchausen syndrome by proxy, the person resorts to measures such as inducing vomiting, poisoning, removing blood from the child, and suffocation. The individual is able to induce severe illness in his or her own child, yet remain cooperative, concerned, and compassionate in the presence of healthcare providers. Perpetrators of MSBP may be help-seekers who search for medical attention for their children to communicate their own exhaustion, anxiety, or depression. Others may be active inducers who create their childs illnesses through dramatic measures. These parents are typically anxious, depressed, or paranoid. Finally, some may be doctor addicts who are obsessed with getting treatment for their childrens nonexistent illnesses. Perpetrators are frequently described as caring, attentive, and devoted individuals. Some can be hostile, emotionally labile, and obviously dishonest. Although they have no obvious psychopathology, perpetrators can be deceiving and manipulative. Their ability to convince others should not be underestimated. Their abuse is premeditated, calculated, and unprovoked and they are often fascinated with the medical field. Signs and symptoms that MSBP could be present includes pattern of illness and recurrent infections without physiologic explanations, bleeding from anticoagulants and poisons: use of the caretaker’s own blood, vomiting precipitated by ipecac administration, giving them laxatives to induce diarrhea or salt administration, applying caustic substances to cause rashes on the their skin, Hematuria or rectal bleeding from trauma, CNS depression caused by drug administration. Their illness is multisystemic, prolonged, unusual, or rare; they are also inappropriate or incongruent, the symptoms seem to disappear when the caretaker is absent, one parent is usually absent during the child’s Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy 4 hospitalization, parent is overly attached to the child, they seem to have medical knowledge/background, the child has a poor tolerance of the treatment, parent encourage doctors to perform numerous test. The causes of Munchausen syndrome are unknown. Some experts suggest that it is a defense mechanism against sexual and aggressive impulses. Others believe it may be a form of self-punishment. Determining an exact cause is difficult because persons with Munchausen syndrome are not open and honest about their condition, making research on them nearly impossible. With MSBP a diagnosis cannot be made quickly, this syndrome is difficult to detect and confirm. In some cases video surveillance in the hospital room has been recommended to capture a parents misbehavior when physical abuse of the child is suspected. In cases where symptoms have been exaggerated, hidden cameras may confirm that these symptoms do not exist. Conversely, video surveillance can also exonerate a suspected caregiver when the disease does, in fact, exist. Cameras may be used in highly suspicious circumstances, but should only be used in conjunction with carefully developed protocols that delineate the roles of child protective agencies, police, and hospital security in coordinating the use of covert surveillance systems As a health care orker I will be more able to identify the signs and symptoms,  determine the necessity and benefits of the medical care. During the assessment I will be able ask if the child’s medical condition is consistent with the mother’s description. Does the objective diagnostic evidence support the child’s reported medical condition? Has anyone witnessed the symptoms? Do the negative findings reassure the mother? Is the treatment being provided to the child primarily becaus e of the mother’s persistent demands? With this knowledge I will hopefully be able to recognize this syndrome and be a better nurse.

20 Synonyms for Shortage

20 Synonyms for Shortage 20 Synonyms for â€Å"Shortage† 20 Synonyms for â€Å"Shortage† By Mark Nichol There’s no shortage of synonyms for shortage, and though many of the terms are close in meaning, the variety of connotations is sufficient to merit this list. 1. Crunch: a sudden shortage (informal) 2. Dearth: a shortage, especially one with dire and severe effects, such as one of food 3. Deficiency: a shortage, including one of nutritional substances such as vitamins 4-5. Drought (or drouth): a shortage of precipitation, especially one that damages or stunts crops, or a shortage of something customarily available 6. Failure: a lack of success, as in business or a competition, or an instance of coming up short 7. Famine: a significant shortage, especially of food 8-9. Inadequacy (or inadequateness): a case or quality of not having enough 10. Insufficiency: the quality of not having enough capacity or supply, or of being incompetent 11. Lack: a shortage or an instance of something missing or not available in the necessary amount 12. Lacuna: a shortage or gap 13. Paucity: a shortage of number or quantity 14. Pinch: a sudden shortage (informal); also, an emergency, or an instance of pressure or privation 15. Poverty: a shortage, especially of money or material goods, or such a state deliberately entered into (as by a monk who renounces ownership of worldly goods) 16. Scantiness: a shortage of what is expected or needed 17-18. Scarceness (or scarcity): a supply that amounts to less than the demand 19. Undersupply: a quantity that is less than required 20. Want: a shortage or a fault, or of being extreme poor; also, something wanted Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives 15 Types of DocumentsThe Difference Between "Un-" and "Dis-"

X-ray Exposure Components Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

X-ray Exposure Components - Essay Example the electrons’ speed is given by kVp (kilovolt potential) which then determines the x-ray beam’s penetration, thus impacting the x-ray production’s efficiency, and determining the level of image contrast. The right kVp yields differential x-ray immersion of dense and soft anatomic structures. Increasing kVp results in an increase in the penetration of an x-ray beam. If kVp is set too low, the resultant image will be devoid of density leading to a sooty or a whitewashed appearance while in case of too high kVp, the resultant image will be too dark and over exposed. The kVp controls the electrons’ energy as they displace across the tube, or it may be said that kVp controls the electron’s speed. Therefore, the higher tube potential (kVp), the larger will be the affect of the electrons. Moreover, the greater the tube potential the greater will be the penetration. Thus, kVp monitors the beam quality by monitoring the x-ray beam energy (Gray et al., 1983) . The tube intensity and exposure time could be an unequalled exposure factor (mAs). The factor, â€Å"mAs† refers to the rate of electrons flow in a predetermined time. Where, mA refers to tube current while s denotes time in seconds. Thus the two exposure factors work in combination to control the quantity of electrons discharged at the cathode and afterward the quantity of x-rays developed at the anode. The milliampere seconds (mAs) ascertains the quantity of x-rays developed per unit time, while the quantity of x-rays arriving at the film ascertains the scale of film’s blackening. Both of these factors monitor and adjust the exposure factor’s quantitative character. These exposure factors determine and influence the quality and quantity of the x-ray beam (Hecker, & Garreau, 2012). Another important factor is the distance between the focus and detector that impacts the x-ray exposure. This relationship is quite simple as the nearer the x-ray tube is placed to the film the higher will be the intensity

Lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Lab Report Example This time, put a known weight of 200 grams on one end and an unknown weight on the other, and slide the clamp bearing the known weight until equilibrium is reached. Put on record the positions of both weights and weigh the one with unknown mass. One such instance of applying equilibrium of rigid body is when one desires to find the mass or weight of an object given masses of other materials that can be put on balance and adjusted to equilibrium. For instance, a setup where the shaft, lever, and handle are welded together which can be worked by modifying forces on certain regions so as to facilitate or prevent rotation of the rigid structure. (1) Compute the weight of the meter stick from the data of Procedure 4 by the method of moments. Compare your result with that obtained by direct weighing of the stick. In particular, note whether the two measurements agree within the errors associated with each. (2) Using the point of support as the axis in Procedure 5, compute the moment of force of each of the weights and also of the meter stick, assuming its weight to be concentrated at its center of gravity. Add all these moments together, paying attention to their algebraic signs. Compare this net torque with zero, noting in particular whether zero lies within the error associated with your result. Solution: Using torque (Ï„) = force * distance for each moment about the new point of balance where forces to the left of the balance point may be treated with negative moments and forces to the right of such point with positive moments by convention, then (3) Compute the weight of the body used in Procedure 6 by the method of moments. Compare the measured weight of this body with the computed weight, noting in particular whether the two weights agree within the experimental errors involved. In the experiment, the summation of forces exerted by the weights, the support clamp, as well as

Business Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Leadership - Essay Example Good communication skills includes sending the appropriate message, to the correct audience, in such a fashion that others will be inspired to listen. One expert in leadership suggests that â€Å"if you don’t believe in it, no one else will† (Forster, 2009, 323). This suggests a leader who maintains high volumes of outward self-confidence and uses an effective scan of the audience in order to choose the best methodology for getting others to believe in your own personal or business-related vision. Ralph Nader, a high-profile consumer advocate in the United States, who is actively involved in political affairs for the betterment of citizens, offers that â€Å"the function of leadership is to produce more leaders, not more followers† (Ruperalia, 2007). Having quality communication skills, especially in the business environment, will engage others to listen to new ideas and be flexible in the face of developing business situations. Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft Corporation and one of the world’s most high-profile billionaires, offers that he is â€Å"a great believer in any tool that enhances communication has profound effects in terms of how people can learn from each other† (Bagyura, 2007, 20). Gates has been actively involved in community and charity work on an international level for many years since the inception of Microsoft and uses his quality communication skills in public meetings, annual reports, and live news broadcasts.

British Airways PESTLE Analysis

British Airways PESTLE Analysis The macro environment will be described by the PESTEL analysis, which helps to analyze general, long-term market influences. This is the best tool to analyse the external environment. It serves as a basic analytical tool for knowing market decline or growth. The framework helps to understand the impact of legal, political, economical, social and technological factors for the business environment. It helps to understand how the external environment may create opportunities or threats for an organization. The six different environments are often referred to as PESTAL and allow a PESTAL analysis to be conducted this allows the organisation to review and consider the environment in which it operates. The PEST factor that has contributed to the airlines industry for many years, but has brought a drastic change was from the disaster on September 11th 2001. (P)olitical: Airlines have to work within an operating restrictions. Alliance with other airlines increases the reachability of the airlines on top of it route alliance helps the alliance members to embark on political benefit mutually. Last decade was one of the testing times for the airline industry in terms of security with events like terror attacks across US in 2001 and in UK in 2005 which caused political imbalance and crisis. Customer confidence was all time down due to the terror attacks in the past 10 years and has resulted in strict safety laws in the US and European skies for airlines. Currentlys even the product and price are in the control of the government with the restrictions on flying. Though the open skies policy does exists it is not adopted by majority of the players and is still biased. Although great reforms have taken place, giving BA opportunity to grow and compete with other airlines. BA being a deregulated company needs processes which allow fast decision making. BA must consider the influence of the political factors along with the ecological and environmental issues with more emphasis on legal regulations on employee and customer interest. Political environment concerns the role of the government and its affects in an organisation it also includes the extent to which the government intervenes in the economy. Due to the terrorist attack many airlines such as British Airways stopped flights to certain countries such as the middles east and the main countries involved with the fear of their planes being attacked. This is therefore caused up a political stir with the fact that Britains fear them maybe the next victims of terrorist attacks. This has had a negative effects on the airlines as they have lost out on a lot of money because of the stoppage of flights to certain destinations. The authorities have had to make sure that certain rules have been put into place to make sure that the airlines are safe and that they abide by the rules. British Airways have had to rely on the political and environment effects on the feedback that they get to decide on what course if action to take on the airline. (E)conomical: The amount of economic activity in the economic environment is extremely important. The economic environment for airline industry in Europe can be described as difficult. In particular, challenges arise from the co-occurrence of adverse natural factors (especially for BA the ash storm). The global economy experienced a sharp downturn during the last decade, and this affected the air travel demand. In 2008 the economy of the developed countries as well as from the emerging markets experienced a dramatically decrease in growth. The airline industry lost a huge part of its usual profits. These changes lead to a change in demand; costumers are not ready and not able to pay former prices for the airlines. Some competitors of BA decrease there price level already. The demand for air travel is characterised by a high income elasticity.Therefore, as the world economy grows, the demand for air travel will also improve. The political situation in Iraq has helped to drive oil prices to a record high and for BA, the oil price rise might add  £100 million to their costs. In response, the cost of fuel surcharges is always at risk . BA is in the business of transporting people to and from worldwide destinations for both business and pleasure. If the international economy slows down, business trades less and fewer business people will use planes. Equally, people may choose less exciting holidays. Capacity in Europe outstrips demand, which leads to rate wars, equaling lower yields for companies. Economically, alliances lead to a control on capacity, therefore reducing competition and increasing yields. Alliances also reduce the near term possibilities of airport expansion. By code sharing airlines are able to not only split costs but to offer services and enter markets, they might ill afford to do on their own. This leads to less aircraft at airports, less space being required, and is another way in gaining access to prime airports, which can expand no further. (S)ocio-Cultural (Demographical / Sociological): On an average older fliers in European countries force airlines to develop new strategies in relation to their target groups. This is also required in view of the fact that higher numbers of commuters and the demand of lower cost airlines show an attitude change regarding airlines, potentially causing image problems for companies giving higher-cost air service. Airline customers use brand appeal as the main factor when they come to use airline service. Thus, this changing demand and lifestyle influenced airlines to concentrate on the look of their airlines and build powerful brand to gain small gain rather than loosing market share. The social and cultural influences on business vary from country to country however it is important that such factors are considered and include demographic and cultural aspects. These factors affect customer needs and the size of potential markets. Demographic changes have resulted in the development of the à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“greyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ market who are spending more on leisure and travelling. Lifestyles, tastes and fashions are all changing; customers require opportunities to visit new and interesting, often long-haul, destinations. (T)echnological: In the airline industry, companies are forced to invest huge sums into RD measures to foster technological development and be cutting-edge. Currently, the focus lies in the fields of security and alternative energies. Advance technology is used by BA to increase engineering and the service quality of the flights which are the route to competitive advantage. In order to profitably satisfy customer needs, an organisation must understand its external and internal situation including the customer, the market and its own capabilities. Furthermore, it needs to understand and adapt to the dynamic and uncontrollable factors of the environment in which it operates. The technological environment is ever changing and therefore it is essential that a structured, detailed and continuous analysis of the principal dimensions of the technical environment is made. Technology in this industry is fast moving and very expensive. Alliances, give the opportunity for joint investment ventures, such as shared check-in systems. (E)cological: In view of high media covering, ecological influences become increasingly important. Especially airline companies have to show that they responsibly use the available resources and care for the environment. Following, BA reduced fuel and energy consumptions, which required improvements in engine technology and aerodynamics. BA is the airline which started reporting their environmental results 2 decades back. They make sure that they have least impact on the environment by more efficient operations, latest technology-engines and alternative fuels. They have goals of having zero waste to landfill in UK-2010, reduce the average noise per flight, cut down the CO2 emissions by half-2050 and improve in carbon efficiency by 25%-2025. For the ecological factors they have developed special programes for controlling climate change by controlling the carbon dioxide emissions. In order to make world a nicer place to live they are concentrating on recycling and reducing their waste material. (L)egal: A significant legal factor affecting BA is the power of trade Unions. BA has suffered many strike actions (August 2004 and August 2005) and is aware of the implications that the trade unions can cause. The walkout that recently happened in March 2010, expected to last three days, had forced the airline to cancel thousands of flights. A total of 1,100 flights out of the 1,950 flights scheduled to operate during the walkout were canceled. The airline had leased planes and crew from rival carriers to take up some of the shortfall. The Unite union of cabin crew had gathered some support from unions in the United States, Germany and Spain for its action taken to protest a pay freeze and changes to working conditions but the other unions had so far stopped short of pledging direct action that would affect BAs ability to refuel and service its planes. Talks broke down over a pay freeze and staffing changes. Analysts estimated that BA had lost more than 25 million pounds because of canceled tickets and the cost of contingency plans, which include leasing fully crewed planes from other airlines. Prime Minister Gordon Brown called for the strike to be called off immediately. Unite had planned a second, four-day walkout to begin March 27 and had said more strikes will be scheduled for after April 14 if the dispute was not resolved. It had pledged not to walk out over the busy Easter period. This is a case of cabin crew crisis but is because of the legal problems that BA faces quite often on regular basis. Firm resolution to this problem should be found to reduce risk and increase the returns. PESTEL analysis is a useful strategic tool for product development, sales planning, executing strategies and operational planning as well. It checks that the firms result are in line with the external impact of changes.

Bharata Natyam Essay -- Indian Dance Culture Essays

Bharata Natyam Didactic stories are more influential and prevalent in society than people realize. The story of Christ’s birth keeps the world celebrating His birth every year on Dec. 25th. Attention-grabbing stories written about certain celebrities in tabloid newspapers often draw a huge following. But interesting stories like these are not just communicated orally or by paper. In a form of classical Indian dance called Bharata Natyam, performers can convey beliefs, legends, and ideas through movements, gestures, and expressions put to song. Bharata Natyam is an alternative form of storytelling, which conveys similar and important ideas to that which students concentrate on when studying literature of the world. These ideas are particularly evident in the dance, â€Å"Shabda (Khanda Muruga)†. Bharata Natyam originated in a manuscript called the Natya Shastra. This manuscript was written by Sage Bharata around 4000 B.C. This dance form was first conceived in order to express one’s energy and emotions and is one of the oldest of the eight other forms of classical Indian dance. Above all other purposes, it is a form of religious expression or prayer, which also incorporates another important form of storytelling. Bharata Natyam was initially performed in temples by women who were dedicated to God since birth. However, it eventually made its way to the stage and is now taught and performed worldwide. In relation to literature that most are familiar with throughout the world, Bharata Natyam fulfills all the same important purposes. It gives a sense of history and culture by the nature of the myths the performers convey. Many of the dances pay tribute to a certain god and for this reason ... ...yam. Homepage for India allied an performing arts. 25 Nov. 2002. . Bharatanatyam. Hindu Student Council at University of Michigan. 25 Nov. 2002. . Bharata-Natyam: Shiva Nataraja, the God of Dance. Bharata-Natyam: Sacred South Indian Dance by Chandikusum. 25 Nov. 2002. . Mishek, Chrysanthi. Personal Interview. 27 Nov. 2002. â€Å"Shabda (Khanda Muruga).† Rangapravesh: Classical Indian Dance Performance. Perf. Chrysanthi Mishek. 5 Aug. 2001. Shiva Nataraja: Lord of the Dance. Radiant Planet Home Page. 24 Nov. 2002. . Thirumalai, Kavita. Bharata Natyam. Rhada Ganesan’s Home Page. 24 Nov. 2002. .

Banner depicts earthly life Essay

Artifacts which are found in burial shrines and in tombs are often rich with cultural and religious imagery. Not only are the types of artifacts which are selected to be enshrined within a given tomb of significance for inferring historical and cultural information, but the aesthetics evident in the individual items themselves can be studied in order to discover important cultural, religious, and historical information. Such is certainly the case regarding the silk funeral banner known as the â€Å"name banner† which was uncovered as part of the Mawangdui â€Å"tomb of the Marquisite. † This banner, which is shaped like a â€Å"T† depicts a Chinese astrological configuration of the cosmos (including the afterlife) which can be understood as being â€Å"current† in the Han Dynasty. The top of the â€Å"T† section of the banner shows ‘heaven† while the middle section of the banner depicts earthly life. One interesting aspect of the sectional representation is that certain figures travel through the sections. There are â€Å"angels† of heavenly entities who descend to carry Lady Dai to heaven. The images of the banner suggest a cosmos in constant motion, a dynamic â€Å"interdimensional† universe which is both physical and spiritual in nature. Also depicted on the silk banner are images if Lady Dai’s earthly family, who perform rituals for her safe-passage in the afterlife. The funeral banner indicates a culture which believed in both life-after-death adn in the efficacy of ritual and prayer. There is a graceful harmony present in the banner which suggests that Chinese culture at the time of the Han Dynasty had a vision of life and death which was â€Å"seamless† and that death was viewed as a continuation of life — and life as a â€Å"prelude† to death. Viewed this way, the banner is an uplifting and spiritually exalting work of art, one which offers a dramatically different view of life and death than is prevalent in the Western world.

Simon Bolivars Crossing of the Andes

Simon Bolivar's Crossing of the Andes In 1819, the War of Independence in Northern South America was locked in a stalemate. Venezuela was exhausted from a decade of war, and patriot and royalist warlords had fought each other to a standstill. Simà ³n Bolà ­var, the dashing Liberator, conceived of a brilliant yet seemingly suicidal plan: he would take his 2,000 man army, cross the mighty Andes, and hit the Spanish where they were least expecting it: in neighboring New Granada (Colombia), where a small Spanish army held the region unopposed. His epic crossing of the frozen Andes would prove to be the most genius of his many daring actions during the war. Venezuela in 1819 Venezuela had borne the brunt of the War of Independence. Home of the failed First and Second Venezuelan Republics, the nation had suffered greatly from Spanish reprisals. By 1819 Venezuela was in ruins from the constant warring. Simà ³n Bolà ­var, the Great Liberator, had an army of some 2,000 men, and other patriots like Josà © Antonio Pez also had small armies, but they were scattered and even together lacked the strength to deliver a knockout blow to Spanish General Morillo and his royalist armies. In May, Bolà ­vars army was camped near the llanos or great plains, and he decided to do what the royalists least expected. New Granada (Colombia) in 1819 Unlike war-weary Venezuela, New Granada was ready for revolution. The Spanish were in control but deeply resented by the people. For years, they had been forcing the men into armies, extracting â€Å"loans† from the wealthy and oppressing the Creoles, afraid they might revolt. Most of the royalist forces were in Venezuela under the command of General Morillo: in New Granada, there were some 10,000, but they were spread out from the Caribbean to Ecuador. The largest single force was an army of some 3,000 commanded by General Josà © Marà ­a Barreiro. If Bolà ­var could get his army there, he could deal the Spanish a mortal blow. The Council of Setenta On May 23, Bolà ­var called his officers to meet in a ruined hut in the abandoned village of Setenta. Many of his most trusted captains were there, including James Rooke, Carlos Soublette and Josà © Antonio Anzotegui. There were no seats: the men sat on the bleached skulls of dead cattle. At this meeting, Bolà ­var told them of his daring plan to attack New Granada, but he lied to them about the route he would take, fearing they would not follow if they knew the truth. Bolà ­var intended to cross the flooded plains and then cross the Andes at the Pramo de Pisba pass: the highest of three possible entries into New Granada. Crossing the Flooded Plains Bolà ­var’s army then numbered some 2,400 men, with less than one thousand women and followers. The first obstacle was the Arauca River, upon which they traveled for eight days by raft and canoe, mostly in the pouring rain. Then they reached the plains of Casanare, which were flooded by the rains. Men waded in water up to their waists, as thick fog obscured their vision: torrential rains drenched them daily. Where there was no water there was mud: the men were plagued by parasites and leeches. The only highlight during this time was meeting up with a patriot army of some 1,200 men led by Francisco de Paula Santander. Crossing the Andes As the plains gave way to the hilly jungle, Bolà ­var’s intentions became clear: the army, drenched, battered and hungry, would have to cross the frigid Andes Mountains. Bolà ­var had selected the pass at Pramo de Pisba for the simple reason that the Spanish did not have defenders or scouts there: no one thought an army could possibly cross it. The pass peaks at 13,000 feet (almost 4,000 meters). Some deserted: Josà © Antonio Pez, one of Bolà ­vars top commanders, tried to mutiny and eventually left with most of the cavalry. Bolà ­vars leadership held, however, because many of his captains swore they would follow him anywhere. Untold Suffering The crossing was brutal. Some of Bolà ­var’s soldiers were barely-dressed Indians who quickly succumbed to exposure. The Albion Legion, a unit of foreign (mostly British and Irish) mercenaries, suffered greatly from altitude sickness and many even died from it. There was no wood in the barren highlands: they were fed raw meat. Before long, all of the horses and pack animals had been slaughtered for food. The wind whipped them, and hail and snow were frequent. By the time they crossed the pass and descended into New Granada, some 2,000 men and women had perished. Arrival in New Granada On July 6, 1819, the withered survivors of the march entered the village of Socha, many of them half-naked and barefoot. They begged food and clothing from the locals. There was no time to waste: Bolà ­var had paid a high cost for the element of surprise and had no intention of wasting it. He swiftly refitted the army, recruited hundreds of new soldiers and made plans for an invasion of Bogota. His greatest obstacle was General Barreiro, stationed with his 3,000 men at Tunja, between Bolà ­var and Bogota. On July 25, the forces met at the Battle of Vargas Swamp, which resulted in an indecisive victory for Bolà ­var. The Battle of Boyac Bolà ­var knew that he had to destroy Barreiros army before it reached Bogota, where reinforcements could reach it. On August 7, the royalist army was divided as it crossed the Boyaca River: the advance guard was in front, across the bridge, and the artillery was far to the rear. Bolivar swiftly ordered an attack. Santanders cavalry cut off the advance guard (which were the best soldiers in the royalist army), trapping them on the other side of the river, while Bolà ­var and Anzotegui decimated the main body of the Spanish force. Legacy of Bolà ­var’s Crossing of the Andes The battle lasted only two hours: at least two hundred royalists were killed and another 1,600 were captured, including Barreiro and his senior officers. On the patriot side, there were only 13 killed and 53 wounded. The Battle of Boyac was a tremendous, one-sided victory for Bolà ­var who marched unopposed into Bogota: the Viceroy had fled so swiftly that he left money in the treasury. New Granada was free, and with money, weapons, and recruits, Venezuela soon followed, allowing Bolà ­var to eventually move south and attack Spanish forces in Ecuador and Peru. The epic crossing of the Andes is Simà ³n Bolà ­var in a nutshell: he was a brilliant, dedicated, ruthless man who would do whatever it took to free his homeland. Crossing flooded plains and rivers before going over a frigid mountain pass over some of the bleakest terrain on earth was absolute madness. No one thought Bolà ­var could pull off such a thing, which made it all the more unexpected. Still, it cost him 2,000 loyal lives: many commanders would not have paid that price for victory. Sources Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 2000.Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826 New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1986.Lynch, John. Simon Bolivar: A Life. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006.Scheina, Robert L. Latin Americas Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899 Washington, D.C.: Brasseys Inc., 2003.

Free Essays on Aeration Function

Aeration Function Respiration: The mov’t of gases to provide E (O2) & eliminate waste products (CO2). 4 Stages of Ventilation: 1. Ventilation – mov’t of O2 in & CO2 out of the alveoli. 2.Ex of gases across the alv – cap membrane (O2 to pul cap & CO2 t o alv). 3. Transport of gases in the blood. 4.Ex of gases at the tissue level. Alv are considered gas ex areas & everything above the alv are ventilated only. Pul artery carried de O2 blood back to the cap which encloses the alv & hbg becomes O2, the pul vein carries O2 Hgb to the L.A. & then pumps it out to the rest of the body. Lymph sys is imp with ARDS B/c it cleans up excess debris & fluid in the interstitial spaces. CHF there is a back up of blood P in the pulvein so fluid travels into interstitial spaces, usually the lymph system carries it away, but it becomes too much, seeping into alv causing pul edema. Tidal Volume: VT =amt of air exhaled after a N inhal N= 7-9 cc/kg Ie. 70 kg man (7-9 cc/kg ) = 490-630 cc This calc N tidal vol, but problems arise when vent is obs, pt must RR to move same vol = min vent. Minute Ventilation: VE= Total vol of air that vent lungs in 1 min N = 5000-10000cc/min or 5-10 L/min Ie. VE= VT(RR) VT= 500 RR=15 VE =500x15= 7500 7.5 L/min in total vol impacts pt more than in RR. 1. MECHANICAL PROCESS: A).Muscles of ventilation: Diaphragm – flattens & pulls down on inhal Ext intercoastals: pull ribs out & up Inhal is an active process req E / WOB Accessory muscles: SCM, scalene assist with forced inhal Expiration= N passive process not req E. If using abd & internal intercostals = E & WOB for forced exhale. B).LUNG THORAX R/L: Plural layer surrounds lungs, it has 2 layers, Parietal plura attaches lung to chest wall & diaphragm at main stem bronci it folds & becomes viseral plura layer. The 2 layers pu... Free Essays on Aeration Function Free Essays on Aeration Function Aeration Function Respiration: The mov’t of gases to provide E (O2) & eliminate waste products (CO2). 4 Stages of Ventilation: 1. Ventilation – mov’t of O2 in & CO2 out of the alveoli. 2. Ex of gases across the alv – cap membrane (O2 to pul cap & CO2 t o alv). 3. Transport of gases in the blood. 4. Ex of gases at the tissue level. Alv are considered gas ex areas & everything above the alv are ventilated only. Pul artery carried de O2 blood back to the cap which encloses the alv & hbg becomes O2, the pul vein carries O2 Hgb to the L.A. & then pumps it out to the rest of the body. Lymph sys is imp with ARDS B/c it cleans up excess debris & fluid in the interstitial spaces. CHF there is a back up of blood P in the pulvein so fluid travels into interstitial spaces, usually the lymph system carries it away, but it becomes too much, seeping into alv causing pul edema. Tidal Volume: VT =amt of air exhaled after a N inhal N= 7-9 cc/kg Ie. 70 kg man (7-9 cc/kg ) = 490-630 cc This calc N tidal vol, but problems arise when vent is obs, pt must RR to move same vol = min vent. Minute Ventilation: VE= Total vol of air that vent lungs in 1 min N = 5000-10000cc/min or 5-10 L/min Ie. VE= VT(RR) VT= 500 RR=15 VE =500x15= 7500 7.5 L/min in total vol impacts pt more than in RR. 1. MECHANICAL PROCESS: A). Muscles of ventilation: Diaphragm – flattens & pulls down on inhal Ext intercoastals: pull ribs out & up Inhal is an active process req E / WOB Accessory muscles: SCM, scalene assist with forced inhal Expiration= N passive process not req E. If using abd & internal intercostals = E & WOB for forced exhale. B). LUNG THORAX R/L: Plural layer surrounds lungs, it has 2 layers, Parietal plura attaches lung to chest wall & diaphragm at main stem bronci it folds & becomes viseral plura layer. The 2 layers pu...

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Progression in Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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