Economic Model of Argentina Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Argentina is a free enterprise economy, having a strong reserve of around $50billion. It is the 3rd largest economy of Latin America. It is an emerging economy that benefits from Agriculture and Manufacturing. Being a part of the G20 countries, the economy of Argentina is dependant on its natural resources. The argentine economy rests on its exports and its manufacturing and industrial sector. A major portion of its labor force is a part of commerce and manufacturing and also agriculture. The country has started to increase taxes in order to decrease reliance on debt and remove fiscal imbalance. Zinc and Copper deposits have been found in the Northwest allowing for a mining sector as well. The country has transitioned into a flexible exchange rate regime and expansionary fiscal and monetary policies. Privatization in many sectors and regulation has somewhat allowed the country to benefit and grow in the long run. (Garcia)Argentina would need to target inflation along with some tigh tening of the fiscal policies to remain on its growth path in the long run. The extremely high level of subsidies would need to be readjusted since a large amount is being paid in the context. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Model of Argentina or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Also, measures need to be taken to ensure geographical dispersion with respect to building infrastructure. If the unemployment numbers are kept in check and better infrastructure is provided to industrial zones the country would become the best economy in South America.

History Is Forever Being Made - 1208 Words

History is forever being made, and although names are added to history the scenarios stay the same. A very prevalent issue in America at the moment is the #BlackLivesMatter movement. This movement was started in 2012 after the murder of Trayvon Martin by neighborhood watch leader George Zimmerman. Zimmerman was later acquitted for the murder, a decision that is becoming all too common for law enforcement who have injured or killed black men (Black Lives Matter). Although the issues that are faced today are slightly different, they are faced because of the same core problem. Throughout the course of history African Americans had to fight for the end of slavery, the ending of segregation in the south, the right to vote, and now they are fighting to end mass incarceration and the wrongful murder of African Americans by the police department. The first slaves arrived in America in the year 1619, and a little under 250 years later slavery was abolished on January 31, 1865. The most pressing question is how the African slaves accomplished such a major feat. The Africans recognized that the treatment that they were receiving from white overseers, and owners was unjust. As in Sankofa the slaves remembered and helped the younger generations understand that this position was not one that they had always held. They kept alive the idea that they too were human beings, and never ceased to spread that message within the slave community. America was different from Africa though in aShow MoreRelatedWomen During The Progressive Era987 Words   |  4 PagesBetween the years 1897- 1917 the progressive era came of age. This era not only created rapid economic growth but also created a voice for woman. As woman began to have a voice they were ready to use it and make a change that would affect American history forever. The progressive era was an era of change. The great depression had just ended and people looked to the government to help make things better. During this era the only woman who were working were young unmarried woman. Although they may haveRead MoreWhat Makes A Good Historian?1542 Words   |  7 PagesEverything in this world has a history. Whether it be a book, subject of study, a group, or even an everyday saying. There is a story, a history of everything. So the job of a Historian is a very important one. These few people have power over not only the way that a certain event, item, or person is remembered. But also how it is perceived in the country or even the world. If a Historian has a bias toward an event this could lead to potential problem. This problem being that with a bias, the historianRead MoreConstantine s Edict Of Milan854 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history there have been moments that define the rest of time. Turning points or critical moments in which one de cision or creation forever changed the path of history. 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In early man, man hunted for food with his hands until he acquired the technology necessary to make weapons. During this period, man hunted and gathered food as they walked through the vast earth. This was until the discovery of agricultureRead MoreNapoleon And The French Revolution850 Words   |  4 Pagesbut remains one of the most defining periods in France s history, and certainly a date that bore significant implications in what was to become the French Revolution; for on this day was the birth of one of the most influential political figures in France s history, as well as an astute and daring military commander-- Napoleon Bonaparte. Little did his upper-middle class parents know that on that day their miracle would write the history books and become one of the most powerful military commandersRead MoreThe First Naval Voyage Of Spain Essay1412 Words   |  6 Pagescrusades and the attempts to spread their catholic religion, it is easy to say that they were not succeeding in establishing themselves as a civilization. However, they always sought new frontiers in order to improve their cultivation. At this time in history, several different groups around the world began venturing out beyond their native boarders, by sea. These excursions were usually brought about by a natural curiosity of the world and the new technology of sea travel. For the Europeans however, theRead MoreEssay On Ray Bradbury1154 Words   |  5 PagesL. Frank Baum, Jules Verne, and Edgar Rice Burroughs. He wanted to and author at the age of 12 and later said his hope was for the heros in his novels to â€Å"live on forever†.(Biography.com/Ray Bradbury.) He moved to LA in 1934 he participated in his school s drama club and occasionally befriended hollywood stars. His first time being payed was for creating a joke for the â€Å"Burns and Allen Show.†. After graduating High School in 1938 he couldn t afford college so he would go to a library insteadRead MoreImpact Of Resource Availability On American Society1030 Words   |  5 PagesAutomobile Industrialization Alexandra Huotari 10/17/16 US History 5th hour Mr. Griffith Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 The Impact of Resource Availability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Entrepreneurial Decision Making by Henry Ford and Others†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦..2-3 Domestic and International Migrations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..3 The Development of an Industrial Workforce†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 The Impact on Michigan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 The impact on American

New paradigms for health care delivery Free Essays

Changes occurring in Health care delivery and Medicine are the result of social, economical, technological, scientific forces that have evolved in the 21st century. Among the most significant changes are shift in disease patterns, advanced technology, increased consumer expectations and high costs of health care. These factors have redefined medical practices to fit into the changing health delivery system. We will write a custom essay sample on New paradigms for health care delivery or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many health care professionals have come to the conclusion and belief that they will be compelled to explore new paradigms for health care delivery in the future like electronic medical record keeping, telemedicine, computer-based diagnostics and health monitoring to keep pace with the changing scenario. This is due to the accountability of the medical profession today and changing disease patterns. Doctors are under increasing pressure to keep up to date and to base their decisions more firmly on evidences as opposed to anecdotal information of the past. Patients are much more informed than they were 10 years ago. No doctor can tell a patient what to do without being questioned today. Further, with the advent of concepts like informed consent and advance directives, such scientific changes gain relevance. ELEMENTS OF THE NEW PARADIGM The use of electronic documentation is becoming increasingly prevalent in terms of convenience. The National Academy of Sciences report states that the US health care industry spent between $10 and $15 billion on information technology in 1996. Much of this expenditure is attributed to creating electronic records systems and converting conventionally stored data to electronic formats.   There are many software programs specially developed for electronic record keeping. This includes ‘Doctors partner’, an advanced Electronic Medical Records (EMR) System with Integrated Appointment Scheduling Billing, Prescription Writer, Transcription Module, Document Management and Workflow Management built to meet HIPAA standards. ‘Practice Partner Patient Records’ is an award winning electronic medical records (EMR) system, allowing practices to store and retrieve patient charts electronically. There are innumerable such branded medical record softwares available today. The standards in practice for EMR include ASTM International Continuity of Care Record , ANSI X12 (EDI) CEN , EN13606, HISA, DICOM , HL7 ,ISO   and openEHR . (Ringold et.al.,2000). The American Medical Association and 13 other medical groups representing 500,000 physicians have signaled their intention to go electronic with the AMA formed   Physicians’ â€Å"Electronic Health Record Coalition† to recommend affordable, standards-based technology to their constituents. President Bush has also promoted a nationwide computerized medical records system in a recent visit to a children’s hospital at Vanderbilt University. Scientific innovations have found a niche in complicated medical procedures as well. A recent study successfully has evaluated a bar code patient identification system, which involves a hand-held computer for sample collection and for compatibility testing administration of blood. (Turner et.al, 2003). A recent research article (Sandler et.al, 2000) reports of a solid phase and micro titer plate hemagglutination method for pretransfusion compatibility tests. This I-TRAC is an automated process of blood matching with improved serological sensitivity and standardized compatibility testing supporting electronic record keeping and linking to a bar code identification system. San Raffale Hospital in Milan, Italy, has recently collaborated with Intel and CISCO systems to use wireless-enabled infrastructures and Radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies. The system uses RFID-radio frequency identification technology to address the sources of   human and systems error in blood transfusion supply chain. This pilot programme has been   implemented at the 1,100 bed San Raffale hospital where more than 15000 blood transfusions are done every year. The CAT (Computer Aided Tomography) is yet another revolution in medicine which combines the X-ray technology with computer signal processing to generate images of tissues of the body obscured by other organs. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a common technique used to scan pathological or physiological status of living tissues. Much is known about the computer aided continuous ECG monitoring with a play back facility for assessing the cardiac status of the patient. Today we are in a wonderful situation where we will be able to develop a drug based on computer analysis skipping a few phases of clinical testing. PERSPECTIVES ON THE PARADIGM SHIFT Thus, scientific innovations are part of the evolutionary process of the medical science. The basic instrument of a physician, the Stethoscope, the Sphygmomanometer used for monitoring the patient blood pressure, the Catheter, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, the EEG, ECG, EMG, Echocardiogram, Ultrasonic scan, to name a few were nothing but such scientific innovations integrated into the field of medicine in the nineteenth and twentieth century. Thus, Computer based telemedicine, medical record system, and diagnostic procedures are scientific innovations of the twenty-first century. Hence, it is nothing but a natural and moral obligation of the health care sector to integrate them into the field of medicine. Changes in financial incentives and health care delivery structures are producing new threats to health care quality (A.Brennan, 1991). The retributive measures are cumbersome and expensive. Hence, there is a need for more accountable health delivery system, which will enable application of modern scientific approaches to quality health care system. In this context, quality of the medical care depends on promotion of quality medical care by managed care organizations. REFERENCE Brennan, T, et.al, â€Å"Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients: the results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study†, New England Journal of Medicine 324: 370-76, 1991. Là ¦rum Hallvard, MD, Tom H. Karlsen, MD, and Arild Faxvaag, MD, PhD . â€Å"Effects of Scanning and Eliminating Paper-based Medical Records on Hospital Physicians’ Clinical Work Practice†. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 10: 588-595.2003. Ringold DJ , JP Santell, and PJ Schneider , â€Å"ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in acute care settings: dispensing and administration–1999†. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 57 (19): 1759-75. 2000. Sauer et.al, â€Å"Errors in transfusion medicine† Lab Med. 32(4): 205-207, 2001. Turner et.al, â€Å"Bar code technology: its role in increasing the safety of blood transfusion†, Transfusion, 43(9): 1200:2003. How to cite New paradigms for health care delivery, Essay examples

Planning Local Economic Development and Publications - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Planning Local Economic Development and Publications. Answer: Introduction: Economies around the world now a day are indulging with each other through international trade in order to achieve sustainable growth and to gain mutual prosperity in their respective countries. During last three decades a new idea termed as free trade has been germinated, which argues in favour of barrier less international trade between countries in order to provide higher level of growth in the trade participating economies (Rodwin and Sazanami 2017). However, often government use policies like price floor or price ceiling in order to restrict the market failure. There have been plenty of researches on the efficiency frontier of the price ceiling and price flooring; however previous researches provide diversified view regarding these policies. Some researches argue these policies are essential in order to restrict the market failure, whereas some researches highlights that under price ceiling and price flooring, resources are not allocated optimally (Bond and Goldstein 2015). In a real life scenario, when it comes to Australia, then minimum labour wage can be considered as the practical example of the price ceiling. Now, this report is aimed to discuss these aforementioned governments market intervention polices under an open market scenario in order to trace their efficiency. In addition to this, the report will discuss whether government of Australia should abolish the minimum wage policy or keep it as it is as a protectionism policy from the government. Analysis of governmental policy of price flooring and price ceiling: Trade participating nations often use the price flooring and price ceiling practice in order to blockade the market from breaking down. According to the Balassa (2016), government uses these policies, when there are discrepancies in the price level in the importable or exportable. For instance, if a good is sold at lower price compared to its substitute, then the government set a price floor with a higher price compared to existing equilibrium market price. From figure 1 it can be seen that the initial equilibrium price is P0 and the market demand it Q0, which is assumed to be lower than the international market price. Under this situation government will set a higher price, which will enhance influence the producers to produce more leading to excess supply. Domestic market now can sell the excess produce at lower price compared to the international price, leading to fall the international price too; thus saves the market. on the other hand if a certain good or service is being sold at higher price compare to the prevailing domestic market price, then government uses the price ceiling. From figure 2, it can be seen that if government sets price ceiling at Pmax, which is lower than the prevailing market price, then it will lead to excess demand of the said goods and services. With higher demand price it will enhance the consumer surplus thus aids the welfare of the society (McCombie and Thirlwall 2016). Therefore, it can be seen that government intervention can effectively blocks the market failure; however, it is also true that it can lead to dead weight loss (Perkis et al. 2016). In addition to this, with higher market intervention, it can affects the labour market, thus generating demand-supply gap it can also results in inefficiency in resource allocation (Baumol and Blinder 2015). Bright side of governments interventionist policy: There have been various researches that argue in favour of the governments market interventionist policy. According to them, bright side of governments interventionist policy is as follows (Nepal and Jamasb 2015): It enables the small firms to become competitive Consumer surplus can get enhanced Scope of negative externality get reduced Restricts the firms to have monopoly power Dark side of market interventionist policy by government: Various researches have highlighted the negative impact of the governments interventionist policy. Some of the dark side of market interventionist policies by the government are as follows (Smith and Meier 2016): It leads to reduction in scope of job employment for the unskilled and semi skilled labours. Bureaucracy in the market gets highly enhanced in presence of governments intervention in the market. Restricts the growth of small firms, due to lack of incentive for the producer to hire labour at higher cost. Analysis of Australian governments minimum wage abolishment plan: Since 2005, Australian government has introduced an ambitious project known as minimum wage policy in order to reduce the disparity in wage level of different region Gasper et al. (2016). Under the Australian Fair Pay Commission, government of Australia tried to implement minimum wage policy, which in turn is aimed to reduce the differentiation in the price level in different regions of the country (Buchanan and Oliver 2016). Since its implication, there has been various researches regarding this topic, thus the effect of minimum wage rate on the economy is well documented. According to the Iyengr et al. (2016), it has been found that through minimum wage policy government tried to bring in parity in the labour wage in different region of the country, however, it has failed to provide stimuli to the labour force. Lack of incentive for the producer to employ labour at higher cost has reduced the labour demand leading to fall in the overall employment level. according to the unemployme nt data of Australia, it can be seen that, though there were some amount of reduction in the unemployment level since 2005 to 2008, however, since then it has been rising, highlighting that the economy has lost some amount of employment. On the other hand, unified minimum wage around the country has restricted the growth of the firm in northern territory of Australia (Mavromaras et al. 2015). Due to prevailing backwardness in the northern territories of the country has shortened the labour employment in the region, because during last few years subsequent rises in the minimum wage level is beyond the manageable scope of these firms. Moreover, rise in the wage level has reduced the labour demand leading to fall in the labour supply, which in turn can lead the economy to the destruction (Hirsch et al. 2015). now, it has been observed that only the skilled labour are getting employed, where as unskilled or semi skilled, which is accounted for 85% of total labour force in Australia are not having any job due to rise in wage rate (Evans 2016). on the other hand it has been observed that, rise in demand in the skilled labour due to minimum wage policy has enhanced the countrys total skilled workforce leading to better pros pect for future of the economy (Leigh and Blakely 2016). Australia has the highest minimum wage compared to the other countries that have minimum wage policy. This excessive wage rate has caused demand-supply gap in the Australian labour market causing loss in the employment and the surplus. Recommendations for gauging the situation: Above analysis has highlighted that there has both the bright and dark side of the protectionism policy from government. According to Weimer and Vining (2017), through comparative analysis of the price governments protectionism policy under an open market scenario it has been found that government aims to provide stimuli with their market interventionist policy; however, through improper resource allocation it fails to do so. Considering the case of the Australian government it can be seen that unified minimum wage rate has hampered the labour employment rather than enhancing it (Pradella 2015). On the other hand, it is wise to acknowledge that, governments intervention in the labour market has aided it to have higher amount of skilled labour with which Australia is now facing tech metal mining boom. Considering the circumstances, where a government intervention in market has both the positive and negative effect, being the economic policy advisor to the government following are the recommendation to gauge the situation: Government need to perform market survey effectively in order to assess the present situation and apply those interventionist policy where necessary, rather making them general. Price ceiling and price flooring can hamper the labour market of a country rather than stimulating it. Optimal way to gauge this is to introduce differentiated price depending upon the region. Government need to apply the protectionism policy depending upon the market scenario while considering the effect of protection on bilateral trade and countrys budget. Liberalisation of the minimum wage policy is highly required in order to provide ample scope to the small firm to mature. Otherwise, protectionism of the government will bring in oligopoly market that will lead to price curtailing reducing the consumer surplus of the buyers. Minimum wage policy of the Australian government is general in nature, which are same all around the country. Thus government, need to set differentiate price depending upon the region in order to bring in parity in the market. Minimum wage policy of Australian government has reduced the labour demand in the market for quite a long time. Thus to provide stimuli to the market, government need to bring in vocational training programs or skill development workshops to produce higher amount of skilled labour. Conclusion: The report has tried to assess the efficiency and the validity of governments interventionist policies in order to protect the market from failure under the open market scenario considering the economic theories and previous researches. Through the analysis it has been found that, governments intervention in the market economy is highly essential in order to bring in stability in the market, however, it is also true that sometimes it leads to market inefficiencies due to improper allocation of the resources. In addition to this, policies like price ceiling and price flooring bring in the deadweight loss to all the parties indulged into the business. Though it enhances governments revenue generation, yet it reduces consumer as well producer surplus leading to poor market condition than open economy. In addition to this, the report has found that, when it comes to Australian minimum wage law, then it need to be reformed depending upon the requirement of various zones. Diversified wage policy can provide better effect on the labour market and thus aid the government to achieve what it desires to achieve. To conclude it can be said that efficiency of price ceiling and price flooring is subjective and whether it is valid or not it depends upon the market condition that the government needs to trace through surveys. Reference: Balassa, B., 2016.Policy reform in developing countries. Elsevier. (Accessed from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=b9lsBQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Balassa,+B.,+2016.+Policy+reform+in+developing+countries.+Elsevierots=O2IAR8u7mosig=zeNvnrtyGnD2w5zLMTs0t2LsOIoredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false) Baumol, W.J. and Blinder, A.S., 2015.Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. (Accessed from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=XwW0BAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR4dq=Baumol,+W.J.+and+Blinder,+A.S.,+2015.+Microeconomics:+Principles+and+policy.+Cengage+Learningots=Hscxno8fAssig=n8pro6kMWpyLSHSS08FM_pavCyIredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=Baumol%2C%20W.J.%20and%20Blinder%2C%20A.S.%2C%202015.%20Microeconomics%3A%20Principles%20and%20policy.%20Cengage%20Learningf=false) Bond, P. and Goldstein, I., 2015. Government intervention and information aggregation by prices.The Journal of Finance,70(6), pp.2777-2812. (Accessed from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jofi.12303) Buchanan, J. and Oliver, D., 2016. Fair Workand the Modernization of Australian Labour Standards: A Case of Institutional Plasticity Entrenching Deepening Wage Inequality.British Journal of Industrial Relations,54(4), pp.790-814. (Accessed from: Buchanan, J. and Oliver, D., 2016. Fair Workand the Modernization of Australian Labour Standards: A Case of Institutional Plasticity Entrenching Deepening Wage Inequality.British Journal of Industrial Relations,54(4), pp.790-814) Chernoff, A.W., 2015. Between a cap and a higher price: Modelling the price of dairy quotas under price ceiling legislation.Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'conomique,48(4), pp.1403-1429. (Accessed from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/caje.12153) Evans, A., 2016. Thinking and Working Politically in the Global Garment Industry: Strengthening Trade Unions, Tackling Gender Ideologies and Reforming International Trade. Gaspar, V., Obstfeld, M.M., Sahay, M.R. and Laxton, M.D., 2016. Macroeconomic Management When Policy Space is Constrained: The 3-C Approach to Economic Policy. International Monetary Fund. Hirsch, B.T., Kaufman, B.E. and Zelenska, T., 2015. Minimum wage channels of adjustment.Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society,54(2), pp.199-239. Leigh, N.G. and Blakely, E.J., 2016.Planning local economic development: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Mavromaras, K., Sloane, P. and Wei, Z., 2015. The scarring effects of unemployment, low pay and skills under-utilization in Australia compared.Applied economics,47(23), pp.2413-2429. (Accessed from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036846.2015.1008762) McCombie, J. and Thirlwall, A.P., 2016.Economic growth and the balance-of-payments constraint. Springer. (Accessed from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=ewC_DAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR14dq=McCombie,+J.+and+Thirlwall,+A.P.,+2016.+Economic+growth+and+the+balance-of-payments+constraint.+Springer.ots=k-xdsFj3Flsig=VfWCyW_tKLqtUhnDwP1_-4U8QQcredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=McCombie%2C%20J.%20and%20Thirlwall%2C%20A.P.%2C%202016.%20Economic%20growth%20and%20the%20balance-of-payments%20constraint.%20Springer.f=false) Nepal, R. and Jamasb, T., 2015. Caught between theory and practice: Government, market, and regulatory failure in electricity sector reforms.Economic Analysis and Policy,46, pp.16-24. (Accessed from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0313592615000090) Pradella, L., 2015. The working poor in Western Europe: Labour, poverty and global capitalism.Comparative European Politics,13(5), pp.596-613. (Accessed from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/cep.2015.17) Rodrik, D., 2017.Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane World Economy. Princeton University Press. (Accessed from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=S-slDwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Rodrik,+D.,+2017.+Straight+Talk+on+Trade:+Ideas+for+a+Sane+World+Economy.+Princeton+University+Press.ots=pcVkBx7_1Asig=CDR6MS5jq9g0XSNG7MN_O2Z_ioUredir_esc=y) Rodwin, L. and Sazanami, H. eds., 2017.Deindustrialization and regional economic transformation: the experience of the United States. Routledge. (Accessed from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=5hw0DwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PT15 Smith, K.B. and Meier, K.J., 2016.The Case Against School Choice: Politics, Markets and Fools: Politics, Markets and Fools. Routledge. (Accessed from: Smith, K.B. and Meier, K.J., 2016. The Case Against School Choice: Politics, Markets and Fools: Politics, Markets and Fools. Routledge) Weimer, D.L. and Vining, A.R., 2017.Policy analysis: Concepts and practice. Taylor Francis. (Accessed from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=xT4lDwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Weimer,+D.L.+and+Vining,+A.R.,+2017.+Policy+analysis:+Concepts+and+practice.+Taylor+%26+Francisots=et20_h7YQxsig=dJAgMD7XmOtqG25OLKS6_52dvxQredir_esc=y) Dragusanu, R., Giovannucci, D. and Nunn, N., 2014. The economics of fair trade.Journal of Economic Perspectives,28(3), pp.217-36. (Accessed from: https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.28.3.217)

Munchausen Syndrome Essay Example

Munchausen Syndrome Essay Munchausen Syndrome 1 Running head: Munchausen Syndrome Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy 5 References Author: Ibrahim Abdulhamid, MD, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Wayne State University; Director of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Clinical Director of Pediatric Sleep Laboratory, Childrens Hospital of Michigan Coauthor(s): Patricia T Siegel, PhD, Assistant Professor, Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine Contributor Information and Disclosures Updated: Mar 26, 2008 Mary E. Muscari, PhD, CPNP, APRN-BC Experts And Viewpoint,  Medscape Nurses,  April  2008 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy 2 Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy I chose to write my paper on Munchausen Syndrome by proxy because I find it very fascinating and disturbing that people could actually harm their children or themselves for attention. Munchausen syndrome is a condition in which a person intentionally fakes, simulates, worsens, or self-induces an injury or illness for the main purpose of  being treated like a medical patient. The term Munchausen syndrome is often used interchangeably with factitious disorder. Factitious disorder refers to any illness that is intentionally produced for the main purpose of assuming the sick role,  although that purpose is unknown  to the sick person. Munchausen syndrome most appropriately describes persons who have a chronic variant of a factitious disorder with mostly physical signs and symptoms, although there are reports regarding psychological Munchausen syndrome, meaning that the simulated symptoms are psychiatric. We will write a custom essay sample on Munchausen Syndrome specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Munchausen Syndrome specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Munchausen Syndrome specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Persons with Munchausen syndrome intentionally cause signs and symptoms of an illness or injury by inflicting medical harm to their body, often to the point of having to be hospitalized. They may lie about or fake symptoms. They are sometimes eager to undergo invasive medical interventions. They are also known to move from doctor to doctor, hospital to hospital, or town to town to find a new audience once they have exhausted the workup and treatment options available in a given medical setting. Persons with Munchausen syndrome  may also make false claims about their accomplishments, credentials. A related condition, called Munchausen by proxy syndrome, refers to a caregiver who fakes symptoms by causing injury to someone else, often a child, and then wants to be with that person in a hospital or similar medical setting. Victims are equally divided between male and female, and children most at risk are those aged 15 months to 72 months. Older children subjected to Munchausen syndrome by proxy often collude with their mothers by confirming even the most unlikely stories about their medical histories, sometimes out of fear of contradicting their mothers and other times because of their mothers persuasion over time. Some of these children believe that they are ill with a mysterious disorder that the physicians Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy 3 cannot figure out. In other cases, the child is aware that the mothers explanation is improbable but fails to speak, fearing the mothers revenge or that no one will believe him or her. In mild Munchausen by proxy, affected individuals fabricate medical histories for their children and lie about their children being sick rather than actively causing sickness. Their motivation is the emotional gratification they receive from medical attention. In intense Munchausen syndrome by proxy, the person resorts to measures such as inducing vomiting, poisoning, removing blood from the child, and suffocation. The individual is able to induce severe illness in his or her own child, yet remain cooperative, concerned, and compassionate in the presence of healthcare providers. Perpetrators of MSBP may be help-seekers who search for medical attention for their children to communicate their own exhaustion, anxiety, or depression. Others may be active inducers who create their childs illnesses through dramatic measures. These parents are typically anxious, depressed, or paranoid. Finally, some may be doctor addicts who are obsessed with getting treatment for their childrens nonexistent illnesses. Perpetrators are frequently described as caring, attentive, and devoted individuals. Some can be hostile, emotionally labile, and obviously dishonest. Although they have no obvious psychopathology, perpetrators can be deceiving and manipulative. Their ability to convince others should not be underestimated. Their abuse is premeditated, calculated, and unprovoked and they are often fascinated with the medical field. Signs and symptoms that MSBP could be present includes pattern of illness and recurrent infections without physiologic explanations, bleeding from anticoagulants and poisons: use of the caretaker’s own blood, vomiting precipitated by ipecac administration, giving them laxatives to induce diarrhea or salt administration, applying caustic substances to cause rashes on the their skin, Hematuria or rectal bleeding from trauma, CNS depression caused by drug administration. Their illness is multisystemic, prolonged, unusual, or rare; they are also inappropriate or incongruent, the symptoms seem to disappear when the caretaker is absent, one parent is usually absent during the child’s Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy 4 hospitalization, parent is overly attached to the child, they seem to have medical knowledge/background, the child has a poor tolerance of the treatment, parent encourage doctors to perform numerous test. The causes of Munchausen syndrome are unknown. Some experts suggest that it is a defense mechanism against sexual and aggressive impulses. Others believe it may be a form of self-punishment. Determining an exact cause is difficult because persons with Munchausen syndrome are not open and honest about their condition, making research on them nearly impossible. With MSBP a diagnosis cannot be made quickly, this syndrome is difficult to detect and confirm. In some cases video surveillance in the hospital room has been recommended to capture a parents misbehavior when physical abuse of the child is suspected. In cases where symptoms have been exaggerated, hidden cameras may confirm that these symptoms do not exist. Conversely, video surveillance can also exonerate a suspected caregiver when the disease does, in fact, exist. Cameras may be used in highly suspicious circumstances, but should only be used in conjunction with carefully developed protocols that delineate the roles of child protective agencies, police, and hospital security in coordinating the use of covert surveillance systems As a health care orker I will be more able to identify the signs and symptoms,  determine the necessity and benefits of the medical care. During the assessment I will be able ask if the child’s medical condition is consistent with the mother’s description. Does the objective diagnostic evidence support the child’s reported medical condition? Has anyone witnessed the symptoms? Do the negative findings reassure the mother? Is the treatment being provided to the child primarily becaus e of the mother’s persistent demands? With this knowledge I will hopefully be able to recognize this syndrome and be a better nurse.

20 Synonyms for Shortage

20 Synonyms for Shortage 20 Synonyms for â€Å"Shortage† 20 Synonyms for â€Å"Shortage† By Mark Nichol There’s no shortage of synonyms for shortage, and though many of the terms are close in meaning, the variety of connotations is sufficient to merit this list. 1. Crunch: a sudden shortage (informal) 2. Dearth: a shortage, especially one with dire and severe effects, such as one of food 3. Deficiency: a shortage, including one of nutritional substances such as vitamins 4-5. Drought (or drouth): a shortage of precipitation, especially one that damages or stunts crops, or a shortage of something customarily available 6. Failure: a lack of success, as in business or a competition, or an instance of coming up short 7. Famine: a significant shortage, especially of food 8-9. Inadequacy (or inadequateness): a case or quality of not having enough 10. Insufficiency: the quality of not having enough capacity or supply, or of being incompetent 11. Lack: a shortage or an instance of something missing or not available in the necessary amount 12. Lacuna: a shortage or gap 13. Paucity: a shortage of number or quantity 14. Pinch: a sudden shortage (informal); also, an emergency, or an instance of pressure or privation 15. Poverty: a shortage, especially of money or material goods, or such a state deliberately entered into (as by a monk who renounces ownership of worldly goods) 16. Scantiness: a shortage of what is expected or needed 17-18. Scarceness (or scarcity): a supply that amounts to less than the demand 19. Undersupply: a quantity that is less than required 20. Want: a shortage or a fault, or of being extreme poor; also, something wanted Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives 15 Types of DocumentsThe Difference Between "Un-" and "Dis-"

X-ray Exposure Components Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

X-ray Exposure Components - Essay Example the electrons’ speed is given by kVp (kilovolt potential) which then determines the x-ray beam’s penetration, thus impacting the x-ray production’s efficiency, and determining the level of image contrast. The right kVp yields differential x-ray immersion of dense and soft anatomic structures. Increasing kVp results in an increase in the penetration of an x-ray beam. If kVp is set too low, the resultant image will be devoid of density leading to a sooty or a whitewashed appearance while in case of too high kVp, the resultant image will be too dark and over exposed. The kVp controls the electrons’ energy as they displace across the tube, or it may be said that kVp controls the electron’s speed. Therefore, the higher tube potential (kVp), the larger will be the affect of the electrons. Moreover, the greater the tube potential the greater will be the penetration. Thus, kVp monitors the beam quality by monitoring the x-ray beam energy (Gray et al., 1983) . The tube intensity and exposure time could be an unequalled exposure factor (mAs). The factor, â€Å"mAs† refers to the rate of electrons flow in a predetermined time. Where, mA refers to tube current while s denotes time in seconds. Thus the two exposure factors work in combination to control the quantity of electrons discharged at the cathode and afterward the quantity of x-rays developed at the anode. The milliampere seconds (mAs) ascertains the quantity of x-rays developed per unit time, while the quantity of x-rays arriving at the film ascertains the scale of film’s blackening. Both of these factors monitor and adjust the exposure factor’s quantitative character. These exposure factors determine and influence the quality and quantity of the x-ray beam (Hecker, & Garreau, 2012). Another important factor is the distance between the focus and detector that impacts the x-ray exposure. This relationship is quite simple as the nearer the x-ray tube is placed to the film the higher will be the intensity

Lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Lab Report Example This time, put a known weight of 200 grams on one end and an unknown weight on the other, and slide the clamp bearing the known weight until equilibrium is reached. Put on record the positions of both weights and weigh the one with unknown mass. One such instance of applying equilibrium of rigid body is when one desires to find the mass or weight of an object given masses of other materials that can be put on balance and adjusted to equilibrium. For instance, a setup where the shaft, lever, and handle are welded together which can be worked by modifying forces on certain regions so as to facilitate or prevent rotation of the rigid structure. (1) Compute the weight of the meter stick from the data of Procedure 4 by the method of moments. Compare your result with that obtained by direct weighing of the stick. In particular, note whether the two measurements agree within the errors associated with each. (2) Using the point of support as the axis in Procedure 5, compute the moment of force of each of the weights and also of the meter stick, assuming its weight to be concentrated at its center of gravity. Add all these moments together, paying attention to their algebraic signs. Compare this net torque with zero, noting in particular whether zero lies within the error associated with your result. Solution: Using torque (Ï„) = force * distance for each moment about the new point of balance where forces to the left of the balance point may be treated with negative moments and forces to the right of such point with positive moments by convention, then (3) Compute the weight of the body used in Procedure 6 by the method of moments. Compare the measured weight of this body with the computed weight, noting in particular whether the two weights agree within the experimental errors involved. In the experiment, the summation of forces exerted by the weights, the support clamp, as well as

Business Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Leadership - Essay Example Good communication skills includes sending the appropriate message, to the correct audience, in such a fashion that others will be inspired to listen. One expert in leadership suggests that â€Å"if you don’t believe in it, no one else will† (Forster, 2009, 323). This suggests a leader who maintains high volumes of outward self-confidence and uses an effective scan of the audience in order to choose the best methodology for getting others to believe in your own personal or business-related vision. Ralph Nader, a high-profile consumer advocate in the United States, who is actively involved in political affairs for the betterment of citizens, offers that â€Å"the function of leadership is to produce more leaders, not more followers† (Ruperalia, 2007). Having quality communication skills, especially in the business environment, will engage others to listen to new ideas and be flexible in the face of developing business situations. Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft Corporation and one of the world’s most high-profile billionaires, offers that he is â€Å"a great believer in any tool that enhances communication has profound effects in terms of how people can learn from each other† (Bagyura, 2007, 20). Gates has been actively involved in community and charity work on an international level for many years since the inception of Microsoft and uses his quality communication skills in public meetings, annual reports, and live news broadcasts.

British Airways PESTLE Analysis

British Airways PESTLE Analysis The macro environment will be described by the PESTEL analysis, which helps to analyze general, long-term market influences. This is the best tool to analyse the external environment. It serves as a basic analytical tool for knowing market decline or growth. The framework helps to understand the impact of legal, political, economical, social and technological factors for the business environment. It helps to understand how the external environment may create opportunities or threats for an organization. The six different environments are often referred to as PESTAL and allow a PESTAL analysis to be conducted this allows the organisation to review and consider the environment in which it operates. The PEST factor that has contributed to the airlines industry for many years, but has brought a drastic change was from the disaster on September 11th 2001. (P)olitical: Airlines have to work within an operating restrictions. Alliance with other airlines increases the reachability of the airlines on top of it route alliance helps the alliance members to embark on political benefit mutually. Last decade was one of the testing times for the airline industry in terms of security with events like terror attacks across US in 2001 and in UK in 2005 which caused political imbalance and crisis. Customer confidence was all time down due to the terror attacks in the past 10 years and has resulted in strict safety laws in the US and European skies for airlines. Currentlys even the product and price are in the control of the government with the restrictions on flying. Though the open skies policy does exists it is not adopted by majority of the players and is still biased. Although great reforms have taken place, giving BA opportunity to grow and compete with other airlines. BA being a deregulated company needs processes which allow fast decision making. BA must consider the influence of the political factors along with the ecological and environmental issues with more emphasis on legal regulations on employee and customer interest. Political environment concerns the role of the government and its affects in an organisation it also includes the extent to which the government intervenes in the economy. Due to the terrorist attack many airlines such as British Airways stopped flights to certain countries such as the middles east and the main countries involved with the fear of their planes being attacked. This is therefore caused up a political stir with the fact that Britains fear them maybe the next victims of terrorist attacks. This has had a negative effects on the airlines as they have lost out on a lot of money because of the stoppage of flights to certain destinations. The authorities have had to make sure that certain rules have been put into place to make sure that the airlines are safe and that they abide by the rules. British Airways have had to rely on the political and environment effects on the feedback that they get to decide on what course if action to take on the airline. (E)conomical: The amount of economic activity in the economic environment is extremely important. The economic environment for airline industry in Europe can be described as difficult. In particular, challenges arise from the co-occurrence of adverse natural factors (especially for BA the ash storm). The global economy experienced a sharp downturn during the last decade, and this affected the air travel demand. In 2008 the economy of the developed countries as well as from the emerging markets experienced a dramatically decrease in growth. The airline industry lost a huge part of its usual profits. These changes lead to a change in demand; costumers are not ready and not able to pay former prices for the airlines. Some competitors of BA decrease there price level already. The demand for air travel is characterised by a high income elasticity.Therefore, as the world economy grows, the demand for air travel will also improve. The political situation in Iraq has helped to drive oil prices to a record high and for BA, the oil price rise might add  £100 million to their costs. In response, the cost of fuel surcharges is always at risk . BA is in the business of transporting people to and from worldwide destinations for both business and pleasure. If the international economy slows down, business trades less and fewer business people will use planes. Equally, people may choose less exciting holidays. Capacity in Europe outstrips demand, which leads to rate wars, equaling lower yields for companies. Economically, alliances lead to a control on capacity, therefore reducing competition and increasing yields. Alliances also reduce the near term possibilities of airport expansion. By code sharing airlines are able to not only split costs but to offer services and enter markets, they might ill afford to do on their own. This leads to less aircraft at airports, less space being required, and is another way in gaining access to prime airports, which can expand no further. (S)ocio-Cultural (Demographical / Sociological): On an average older fliers in European countries force airlines to develop new strategies in relation to their target groups. This is also required in view of the fact that higher numbers of commuters and the demand of lower cost airlines show an attitude change regarding airlines, potentially causing image problems for companies giving higher-cost air service. Airline customers use brand appeal as the main factor when they come to use airline service. Thus, this changing demand and lifestyle influenced airlines to concentrate on the look of their airlines and build powerful brand to gain small gain rather than loosing market share. The social and cultural influences on business vary from country to country however it is important that such factors are considered and include demographic and cultural aspects. These factors affect customer needs and the size of potential markets. Demographic changes have resulted in the development of the à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“greyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ market who are spending more on leisure and travelling. Lifestyles, tastes and fashions are all changing; customers require opportunities to visit new and interesting, often long-haul, destinations. (T)echnological: In the airline industry, companies are forced to invest huge sums into RD measures to foster technological development and be cutting-edge. Currently, the focus lies in the fields of security and alternative energies. Advance technology is used by BA to increase engineering and the service quality of the flights which are the route to competitive advantage. In order to profitably satisfy customer needs, an organisation must understand its external and internal situation including the customer, the market and its own capabilities. Furthermore, it needs to understand and adapt to the dynamic and uncontrollable factors of the environment in which it operates. The technological environment is ever changing and therefore it is essential that a structured, detailed and continuous analysis of the principal dimensions of the technical environment is made. Technology in this industry is fast moving and very expensive. Alliances, give the opportunity for joint investment ventures, such as shared check-in systems. (E)cological: In view of high media covering, ecological influences become increasingly important. Especially airline companies have to show that they responsibly use the available resources and care for the environment. Following, BA reduced fuel and energy consumptions, which required improvements in engine technology and aerodynamics. BA is the airline which started reporting their environmental results 2 decades back. They make sure that they have least impact on the environment by more efficient operations, latest technology-engines and alternative fuels. They have goals of having zero waste to landfill in UK-2010, reduce the average noise per flight, cut down the CO2 emissions by half-2050 and improve in carbon efficiency by 25%-2025. For the ecological factors they have developed special programes for controlling climate change by controlling the carbon dioxide emissions. In order to make world a nicer place to live they are concentrating on recycling and reducing their waste material. (L)egal: A significant legal factor affecting BA is the power of trade Unions. BA has suffered many strike actions (August 2004 and August 2005) and is aware of the implications that the trade unions can cause. The walkout that recently happened in March 2010, expected to last three days, had forced the airline to cancel thousands of flights. A total of 1,100 flights out of the 1,950 flights scheduled to operate during the walkout were canceled. The airline had leased planes and crew from rival carriers to take up some of the shortfall. The Unite union of cabin crew had gathered some support from unions in the United States, Germany and Spain for its action taken to protest a pay freeze and changes to working conditions but the other unions had so far stopped short of pledging direct action that would affect BAs ability to refuel and service its planes. Talks broke down over a pay freeze and staffing changes. Analysts estimated that BA had lost more than 25 million pounds because of canceled tickets and the cost of contingency plans, which include leasing fully crewed planes from other airlines. Prime Minister Gordon Brown called for the strike to be called off immediately. Unite had planned a second, four-day walkout to begin March 27 and had said more strikes will be scheduled for after April 14 if the dispute was not resolved. It had pledged not to walk out over the busy Easter period. This is a case of cabin crew crisis but is because of the legal problems that BA faces quite often on regular basis. Firm resolution to this problem should be found to reduce risk and increase the returns. PESTEL analysis is a useful strategic tool for product development, sales planning, executing strategies and operational planning as well. It checks that the firms result are in line with the external impact of changes.

Bharata Natyam Essay -- Indian Dance Culture Essays

Bharata Natyam Didactic stories are more influential and prevalent in society than people realize. The story of Christ’s birth keeps the world celebrating His birth every year on Dec. 25th. Attention-grabbing stories written about certain celebrities in tabloid newspapers often draw a huge following. But interesting stories like these are not just communicated orally or by paper. In a form of classical Indian dance called Bharata Natyam, performers can convey beliefs, legends, and ideas through movements, gestures, and expressions put to song. Bharata Natyam is an alternative form of storytelling, which conveys similar and important ideas to that which students concentrate on when studying literature of the world. These ideas are particularly evident in the dance, â€Å"Shabda (Khanda Muruga)†. Bharata Natyam originated in a manuscript called the Natya Shastra. This manuscript was written by Sage Bharata around 4000 B.C. This dance form was first conceived in order to express one’s energy and emotions and is one of the oldest of the eight other forms of classical Indian dance. Above all other purposes, it is a form of religious expression or prayer, which also incorporates another important form of storytelling. Bharata Natyam was initially performed in temples by women who were dedicated to God since birth. However, it eventually made its way to the stage and is now taught and performed worldwide. In relation to literature that most are familiar with throughout the world, Bharata Natyam fulfills all the same important purposes. It gives a sense of history and culture by the nature of the myths the performers convey. Many of the dances pay tribute to a certain god and for this reason ... ...yam. Homepage for India allied an performing arts. 25 Nov. 2002. . Bharatanatyam. Hindu Student Council at University of Michigan. 25 Nov. 2002. . Bharata-Natyam: Shiva Nataraja, the God of Dance. Bharata-Natyam: Sacred South Indian Dance by Chandikusum. 25 Nov. 2002. . Mishek, Chrysanthi. Personal Interview. 27 Nov. 2002. â€Å"Shabda (Khanda Muruga).† Rangapravesh: Classical Indian Dance Performance. Perf. Chrysanthi Mishek. 5 Aug. 2001. Shiva Nataraja: Lord of the Dance. Radiant Planet Home Page. 24 Nov. 2002. . Thirumalai, Kavita. Bharata Natyam. Rhada Ganesan’s Home Page. 24 Nov. 2002. .

Banner depicts earthly life Essay

Artifacts which are found in burial shrines and in tombs are often rich with cultural and religious imagery. Not only are the types of artifacts which are selected to be enshrined within a given tomb of significance for inferring historical and cultural information, but the aesthetics evident in the individual items themselves can be studied in order to discover important cultural, religious, and historical information. Such is certainly the case regarding the silk funeral banner known as the â€Å"name banner† which was uncovered as part of the Mawangdui â€Å"tomb of the Marquisite. † This banner, which is shaped like a â€Å"T† depicts a Chinese astrological configuration of the cosmos (including the afterlife) which can be understood as being â€Å"current† in the Han Dynasty. The top of the â€Å"T† section of the banner shows ‘heaven† while the middle section of the banner depicts earthly life. One interesting aspect of the sectional representation is that certain figures travel through the sections. There are â€Å"angels† of heavenly entities who descend to carry Lady Dai to heaven. The images of the banner suggest a cosmos in constant motion, a dynamic â€Å"interdimensional† universe which is both physical and spiritual in nature. Also depicted on the silk banner are images if Lady Dai’s earthly family, who perform rituals for her safe-passage in the afterlife. The funeral banner indicates a culture which believed in both life-after-death adn in the efficacy of ritual and prayer. There is a graceful harmony present in the banner which suggests that Chinese culture at the time of the Han Dynasty had a vision of life and death which was â€Å"seamless† and that death was viewed as a continuation of life — and life as a â€Å"prelude† to death. Viewed this way, the banner is an uplifting and spiritually exalting work of art, one which offers a dramatically different view of life and death than is prevalent in the Western world.

Simon Bolivars Crossing of the Andes

Simon Bolivar's Crossing of the Andes In 1819, the War of Independence in Northern South America was locked in a stalemate. Venezuela was exhausted from a decade of war, and patriot and royalist warlords had fought each other to a standstill. Simà ³n Bolà ­var, the dashing Liberator, conceived of a brilliant yet seemingly suicidal plan: he would take his 2,000 man army, cross the mighty Andes, and hit the Spanish where they were least expecting it: in neighboring New Granada (Colombia), where a small Spanish army held the region unopposed. His epic crossing of the frozen Andes would prove to be the most genius of his many daring actions during the war. Venezuela in 1819 Venezuela had borne the brunt of the War of Independence. Home of the failed First and Second Venezuelan Republics, the nation had suffered greatly from Spanish reprisals. By 1819 Venezuela was in ruins from the constant warring. Simà ³n Bolà ­var, the Great Liberator, had an army of some 2,000 men, and other patriots like Josà © Antonio Pez also had small armies, but they were scattered and even together lacked the strength to deliver a knockout blow to Spanish General Morillo and his royalist armies. In May, Bolà ­vars army was camped near the llanos or great plains, and he decided to do what the royalists least expected. New Granada (Colombia) in 1819 Unlike war-weary Venezuela, New Granada was ready for revolution. The Spanish were in control but deeply resented by the people. For years, they had been forcing the men into armies, extracting â€Å"loans† from the wealthy and oppressing the Creoles, afraid they might revolt. Most of the royalist forces were in Venezuela under the command of General Morillo: in New Granada, there were some 10,000, but they were spread out from the Caribbean to Ecuador. The largest single force was an army of some 3,000 commanded by General Josà © Marà ­a Barreiro. If Bolà ­var could get his army there, he could deal the Spanish a mortal blow. The Council of Setenta On May 23, Bolà ­var called his officers to meet in a ruined hut in the abandoned village of Setenta. Many of his most trusted captains were there, including James Rooke, Carlos Soublette and Josà © Antonio Anzotegui. There were no seats: the men sat on the bleached skulls of dead cattle. At this meeting, Bolà ­var told them of his daring plan to attack New Granada, but he lied to them about the route he would take, fearing they would not follow if they knew the truth. Bolà ­var intended to cross the flooded plains and then cross the Andes at the Pramo de Pisba pass: the highest of three possible entries into New Granada. Crossing the Flooded Plains Bolà ­var’s army then numbered some 2,400 men, with less than one thousand women and followers. The first obstacle was the Arauca River, upon which they traveled for eight days by raft and canoe, mostly in the pouring rain. Then they reached the plains of Casanare, which were flooded by the rains. Men waded in water up to their waists, as thick fog obscured their vision: torrential rains drenched them daily. Where there was no water there was mud: the men were plagued by parasites and leeches. The only highlight during this time was meeting up with a patriot army of some 1,200 men led by Francisco de Paula Santander. Crossing the Andes As the plains gave way to the hilly jungle, Bolà ­var’s intentions became clear: the army, drenched, battered and hungry, would have to cross the frigid Andes Mountains. Bolà ­var had selected the pass at Pramo de Pisba for the simple reason that the Spanish did not have defenders or scouts there: no one thought an army could possibly cross it. The pass peaks at 13,000 feet (almost 4,000 meters). Some deserted: Josà © Antonio Pez, one of Bolà ­vars top commanders, tried to mutiny and eventually left with most of the cavalry. Bolà ­vars leadership held, however, because many of his captains swore they would follow him anywhere. Untold Suffering The crossing was brutal. Some of Bolà ­var’s soldiers were barely-dressed Indians who quickly succumbed to exposure. The Albion Legion, a unit of foreign (mostly British and Irish) mercenaries, suffered greatly from altitude sickness and many even died from it. There was no wood in the barren highlands: they were fed raw meat. Before long, all of the horses and pack animals had been slaughtered for food. The wind whipped them, and hail and snow were frequent. By the time they crossed the pass and descended into New Granada, some 2,000 men and women had perished. Arrival in New Granada On July 6, 1819, the withered survivors of the march entered the village of Socha, many of them half-naked and barefoot. They begged food and clothing from the locals. There was no time to waste: Bolà ­var had paid a high cost for the element of surprise and had no intention of wasting it. He swiftly refitted the army, recruited hundreds of new soldiers and made plans for an invasion of Bogota. His greatest obstacle was General Barreiro, stationed with his 3,000 men at Tunja, between Bolà ­var and Bogota. On July 25, the forces met at the Battle of Vargas Swamp, which resulted in an indecisive victory for Bolà ­var. The Battle of Boyac Bolà ­var knew that he had to destroy Barreiros army before it reached Bogota, where reinforcements could reach it. On August 7, the royalist army was divided as it crossed the Boyaca River: the advance guard was in front, across the bridge, and the artillery was far to the rear. Bolivar swiftly ordered an attack. Santanders cavalry cut off the advance guard (which were the best soldiers in the royalist army), trapping them on the other side of the river, while Bolà ­var and Anzotegui decimated the main body of the Spanish force. Legacy of Bolà ­var’s Crossing of the Andes The battle lasted only two hours: at least two hundred royalists were killed and another 1,600 were captured, including Barreiro and his senior officers. On the patriot side, there were only 13 killed and 53 wounded. The Battle of Boyac was a tremendous, one-sided victory for Bolà ­var who marched unopposed into Bogota: the Viceroy had fled so swiftly that he left money in the treasury. New Granada was free, and with money, weapons, and recruits, Venezuela soon followed, allowing Bolà ­var to eventually move south and attack Spanish forces in Ecuador and Peru. The epic crossing of the Andes is Simà ³n Bolà ­var in a nutshell: he was a brilliant, dedicated, ruthless man who would do whatever it took to free his homeland. Crossing flooded plains and rivers before going over a frigid mountain pass over some of the bleakest terrain on earth was absolute madness. No one thought Bolà ­var could pull off such a thing, which made it all the more unexpected. Still, it cost him 2,000 loyal lives: many commanders would not have paid that price for victory. Sources Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 2000.Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826 New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1986.Lynch, John. Simon Bolivar: A Life. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006.Scheina, Robert L. Latin Americas Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899 Washington, D.C.: Brasseys Inc., 2003.

Free Essays on Aeration Function

Aeration Function Respiration: The mov’t of gases to provide E (O2) & eliminate waste products (CO2). 4 Stages of Ventilation: 1. Ventilation – mov’t of O2 in & CO2 out of the alveoli. 2.Ex of gases across the alv – cap membrane (O2 to pul cap & CO2 t o alv). 3. Transport of gases in the blood. 4.Ex of gases at the tissue level. Alv are considered gas ex areas & everything above the alv are ventilated only. Pul artery carried de O2 blood back to the cap which encloses the alv & hbg becomes O2, the pul vein carries O2 Hgb to the L.A. & then pumps it out to the rest of the body. Lymph sys is imp with ARDS B/c it cleans up excess debris & fluid in the interstitial spaces. CHF there is a back up of blood P in the pulvein so fluid travels into interstitial spaces, usually the lymph system carries it away, but it becomes too much, seeping into alv causing pul edema. Tidal Volume: VT =amt of air exhaled after a N inhal N= 7-9 cc/kg Ie. 70 kg man (7-9 cc/kg ) = 490-630 cc This calc N tidal vol, but problems arise when vent is obs, pt must RR to move same vol = min vent. Minute Ventilation: VE= Total vol of air that vent lungs in 1 min N = 5000-10000cc/min or 5-10 L/min Ie. VE= VT(RR) VT= 500 RR=15 VE =500x15= 7500 7.5 L/min in total vol impacts pt more than in RR. 1. MECHANICAL PROCESS: A).Muscles of ventilation: Diaphragm – flattens & pulls down on inhal Ext intercoastals: pull ribs out & up Inhal is an active process req E / WOB Accessory muscles: SCM, scalene assist with forced inhal Expiration= N passive process not req E. If using abd & internal intercostals = E & WOB for forced exhale. B).LUNG THORAX R/L: Plural layer surrounds lungs, it has 2 layers, Parietal plura attaches lung to chest wall & diaphragm at main stem bronci it folds & becomes viseral plura layer. The 2 layers pu... Free Essays on Aeration Function Free Essays on Aeration Function Aeration Function Respiration: The mov’t of gases to provide E (O2) & eliminate waste products (CO2). 4 Stages of Ventilation: 1. Ventilation – mov’t of O2 in & CO2 out of the alveoli. 2. Ex of gases across the alv – cap membrane (O2 to pul cap & CO2 t o alv). 3. Transport of gases in the blood. 4. Ex of gases at the tissue level. Alv are considered gas ex areas & everything above the alv are ventilated only. Pul artery carried de O2 blood back to the cap which encloses the alv & hbg becomes O2, the pul vein carries O2 Hgb to the L.A. & then pumps it out to the rest of the body. Lymph sys is imp with ARDS B/c it cleans up excess debris & fluid in the interstitial spaces. CHF there is a back up of blood P in the pulvein so fluid travels into interstitial spaces, usually the lymph system carries it away, but it becomes too much, seeping into alv causing pul edema. Tidal Volume: VT =amt of air exhaled after a N inhal N= 7-9 cc/kg Ie. 70 kg man (7-9 cc/kg ) = 490-630 cc This calc N tidal vol, but problems arise when vent is obs, pt must RR to move same vol = min vent. Minute Ventilation: VE= Total vol of air that vent lungs in 1 min N = 5000-10000cc/min or 5-10 L/min Ie. VE= VT(RR) VT= 500 RR=15 VE =500x15= 7500 7.5 L/min in total vol impacts pt more than in RR. 1. MECHANICAL PROCESS: A). Muscles of ventilation: Diaphragm – flattens & pulls down on inhal Ext intercoastals: pull ribs out & up Inhal is an active process req E / WOB Accessory muscles: SCM, scalene assist with forced inhal Expiration= N passive process not req E. If using abd & internal intercostals = E & WOB for forced exhale. B). LUNG THORAX R/L: Plural layer surrounds lungs, it has 2 layers, Parietal plura attaches lung to chest wall & diaphragm at main stem bronci it folds & becomes viseral plura layer. The 2 layers pu...

How to Sell Bargains and Add Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How to Sell Bargains and Add Value - Essay Example Understanding of the customer decision making is quite important in ensuring that businesses make value. If a business loses customers, its value deteriorates significantly because the business value is directly affected by the customer base (Nobel, 2014). The market research is quite imperative in ensuring that a business makes some value. Some of the ways in which understanding customer behavior influences the value of a business is as illustrated below.Customers relate the brands to the experience they get. For businesses that create greater customer experience are likely to make large sales per unit time compared to other businesses that do not create such experience to their customers. For instance, Apple gives priority to the customers, and they respond accordingly. It is very vital to know that one negative unresolved issue in a business environment can adversely affect the customer experience and can make a business to lose a customer forever. The business environment is very competitive nowadays, and the customers are less tolerant to awkward encounter than before. Thus, treating customers with a high degree of dignity is quite important in satisfying them and creating bigger value of the business.A bad customer experience is hard to be forgotten. A statistic did on Americans it was found that an average of nine individuals would talk about the good experience, and sixteen will mention the bad customers’ experience. The other worst thing is having an average experience on customers.

Progression in Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Progression in Knowledge - Essay Example Currently, I am a student with a double major in international relations with a concentration in Europe and French. My perspective in life gradually changed and significantly broadened as I matured in age. My aspiration in life was not confined anymore to merely attain personal success in life but I came to the realization as I understand my role in society as part of the next generation. But as to be expected in life, there are many hindrances along the way. As an international student, the fluctuating currency rates contribute to the difficulty in supporting my education. We are not a wealthy family and tuition fees are arduous on my parents. With no other source of paying for a summer study abroad, it is indeed very difficult. But even though financial matters pose a hindrance to my goals, I am determined to make the extra effort as this step forms a major component of my course. This is the very reason why I appeal to the generosity of this institution to grant me a scholarship. I trust that a university such as this will esteem and recognize efforts coming from promising pupils. I am aware that there are many applicants requesting for this opportunity. Despite this, I am settled to take my chance as this will pave a way for me as an international student. I am aware that being a student in this institution carries with it a great responsibility and requires utmost devotion and determination. It is my aspiration to gain knowledge and expertise in this university to better myself, to be able to provide for my family in the future and be an asset to the community. I view this as another challenge to improve my personality.

LOVE. Review the NHS changes proposed in the Health and Social Care Essay

LOVE. Review the NHS changes proposed in the Health and Social Care Bill now proceeding through Parliament and evaluate how these reforms are to address the problems with the Service - Essay Example The reduction of inequalities in the provision of health and social care is highlighted as one of the focus areas for the secretary of state under the new Bill (Dow 2011, p13). In addition, the Bill proposes that the provision of comprehensive health services which include various aspects of health care including mental and physical through proper diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. This aspect proposes that quality of services in the health sector is raised to meet the standards set for continuous improvement in the health sector. The Bill proposes that the level of public contribution to health and social care service provision is increased (Crisp n.d., p4). Public proposals for development of the services provided are to be highlighted and considered by the NHS Commissioning Board in decisions affecting health care services. The Board will be mandated with establishing of various platforms to involve the public in the identification of the needs of the specific needs and approaches needed for improvement. Establishment of the Public Health England will be the focus of the improvement of public health care provision. The roles of the Local Authorities and commissioners of health in the provision of health and social care services are expected to be integrated under the Bill. In view of the need to provide a coordinated service, the government will eliminate unnecessary costs of duplication and offer the benefits of synergies. It is important that scrutiny of the services offered of such diverse service providers is introduced in the improvement proposed by the Bill since accountability issues derail quality service (ACKA Consulting 2008, p1). The Bill undertakes to offer regulatory authority for the various types of health and social care practitioners as required in a functional system. It is important that the professionals involved in the health care and social sector be regulated for conformity with quality and improvement as

Overcoming Church Conflicts Essay Example for Free

Overcoming Church Conflicts Essay It may come as a surprise for some yet Christian churches are not exempt from political problems and conflicts. Pastors, church workers, leaders, and other church members may become involved in bitter bickering and quarreling. Factions may be created, petty issues magnified, and problems blown out of proportion. As a result, the fellowship and the harmony in the Church, which is the Body of Christ, are replaced with discord, disunity, and recurring conflict. If conflict and quarrels go on unchecked, the overall health of the Church deteriorates and before long, it might simply self-destruct leading to split and broken relationships. Firestorm: A Book on Church Conflict Ron Susek’s book â€Å"Firestorm: Preventing and Overcoming Church Conflicts† deals with this important issue. He takes a look at church problems and conflicts, and the dynamics that a church undergoes as it self-destructs. The author does not only present theory and principles, he presents real-life scenarios and conflicts. In doing so, he presents what he called the church firestorm. Susek does not cringe in presenting the true situation in churches. A lot of Christians and church members tend to have a high regard for the church. In the sense that a church, since it is the Body of Christ, should have love and caring and not conflict or even any hint of discord and conflict. Yet, we are also aware that as humans, we do have our imperfections and we sin. Since the church is diverse and the people hold different opinions, if this scenario is coupled by sin, then the church may undergo a firestorm. Susek’s use of Firestorm as a metaphor is an apt description of church conflict left by itself without any attempt at healing and reconciliation. It devours with such force as a forest wildfire, which leaves a trail of ruin, loss, broken hearts and relationships. Conflict is a part of human life, and since humans are essentially involved in the church, then it would be wise for us to manage conflict and prevent it from destroying the church completely. Negative Traits and Problems Discussed by Susek A number of negative traits and sources of problems were discussed by Susek. These problems are present in most churches. These sources of conflict may be categorized under cultural problems, factions and leadership problems. There might be crash of cultures within the church brought about by impatient and misplaced idealism. If individuals are used as means to an end, then conflict also ensues. The church may also be wracked by factions and blind loyalties to various individuals in the church. This leads to an immature manner of handling differences in points of view and opinion. When people start pressing others to join their side, then conflict is magnified further. Some people inside the church may also think that their point of view is the only valid one and that all others are completely wrong. In these instances, the focus is no longer on spiritual behavior and brotherly love. Rather, it becomes one of politics, pride, and party. In this case, the interest of the church is compromised in favor of one’s own agenda. The issue of church leadership may also be an important factor in church conflicts. The leadership of the church—the pastors, the lay leaders, deacons, and other members of the leadership team play an important role in the escalation or prevention of church conflict. If these leaders then have other ambitions and agenda, or if they use their position to get what they want, then conflict becomes inevitable. Stubbornness and insubordination, on the other hand, also contributes to the problem. Leaders should also display maturity by recognizing their weaknesses, otherwise, conflict becomes greater. When some people in the church feels that things are no longer acceptable, then they may simply cry out and before long, a firestorm has ignited. Satan then exploits this situation to initiate the destruction of the church. Susek presented examples to bolster his arguments in the book. Some examples he cited are simply shocking and led to the bankruptcy and eventual closing of the church. Dealing with the Damage The Body of Christ is beloved by Christ, himself. As believers who love Christ, all means should be found out in order to prevent the complete destruction of the church. In this regard, Susek presented a number of great ideas on how to manage conflict within the church. He also discussed solid suggestions on how to implement Matthew 18. He boldly gives advice to elders of the church who are dealing with difficult situations in the church. If the conflict is truly difficult to manage, then the church may consider getting an ad hoc or temporary leader. This way, the leader who may be perceived to have vested interest may inhibit himself from the conflict. Leaders tend to be at the center of church conflicts. So when an interim leader is brought in, he can help deal with the issues. Since he also bring an outsider’s perspective, he may also be more objective. He also encourages congregation to deal with the problem and not dwell on who wins or loses. The minister can then use the pulpit in developing this kind of attitude among the members of the congregation. If conflict is still budding and about to explode, it would be wise for the leaders to start doing steps to mitigate the conflict. This way, greater damage would be prevented. Impact on a Minister’s Life Quite naturally, a minister would be at the forefront of some of the problems and conflicts inside the church. Most of the time ministers are at a loss on how to deal with conflicts, especially if they perceive that their job and their very self is on the line. The rigors of ministry, the combative attitude of various leaders in the church, the problems in leadership and an escalating conflict could take away the morale of the minister. Susek’s book, however, is a veritable guide for ministers in dealing with church conflict. The practical suggestions that Susek presented including the dynamics of firestorm and the stages he outlined are all helpful information for ministers to monitor the situation of their churches. When they see conflict escalating, then the minister can use the pulpit in preaching about the godly way of dealing with conflicts and avoid lambasting anyone. In cases of conflict, a minister’s family is also dragged into the process. When church conflicts escalate, the family, particularly the wife, tends to become the shock absorbers. In this regard, Susek’s book can also help a ministers’ family deal with the stress of the conflict and provide emotional support and encouragement.

Background Of Language Learning Strategies English Language Essay

Background Of Language Learning Strategies English Language Essay This chapter covers the background of language learning strategies (LLS), the literature review including the definitions of key terms, classifications of LLS, the characteristics of LLS, the factors influencing the choice of LLS, evidences from previous research studies, the teachers role in LLS training, and theoretical concepts. 2.1 Background of Language Learning Strategies Research on language learning strategies has been conducted since the 1960s. Williams and Burden (1997, p. 149) stated that developments in cognitive psychology influenced much of research done on language learning strategies. In most of the research on language learning strategies, the principal concern has been on identifying what good language learners report they do to learn a second or foreign language, or, in some cases, are observed doing while learning a second or foreign language (Rubin Wenden 1987, p. 19). In 1966, Carton published The Method of Inference in Foreign Language Study, which was the initial effort to describe second language learners strategies. Then in 1971, Rubin began to conduct research regarding the strategies of successful learners and affirmed that, once acknowledged, such strategies could be made available to less successful learners. Rubin (1975) categorized strategies in terms of processes contributing directly or indirectly to language learning. Won g-Fillmore (1976), Tarone (1977), Naiman et al. (1978), Bialystok (1979), Cohen and Aphek (1981), Wenden (1982), Chamot and OMalley (1987), Politzer and McGroarty (1985), Conti and Kolsody (1997), and many others have also researched strategies employed by language learners during foreign language learning. 2.2 Literature Review 2.2.1 Defining concepts There have been many researchers trying to give a definition of the term language learning strategies. In the ancient Greek language, Strategy = strategia means generalship or the knack of fighting (Yi et al., 2007). In a more precise intelligence, strategy entails the most favourable supervision of troops, ships or aircraft in a designed operation while tactic is diverse, but is associated with sub-strategies which are the apparatus to accomplish the achievement of strategies. In non-military settings, the concept of strategy has been applied to the non-adversarial situations, where it has come to imply an arrangement, movement or an act is used for attaining a detailed purpose (Oxford, 1990). Oxford (1990) stated that strategies are particularly important for language learning because they are tools for active, self-directed involvement, which is essential for developing communicative competence (p. 1). Because they are very noteworthy, learning strategies have been broadly employe d in the learning field. Many researchers have tried to give definitions to language learning strategy using different terms and different concepts of their own which will be discussed in the following paragraphs. Many researchers have conceptualised variously the term language learning strategies. Strategy originates from ancient Greek language strategia, which implies fighting capability (Yi et al., 2007). Regarding military field, strategy is fundamental to troop surveillance, while tactic is a tool to achieve the strategic goal. Apart from militarism, strategy has been defined as preparedness to accomplish a target (Oxford, 1990). To develop communicative competence, strategies are indispensable to language learning (Oxford, 1990, p.1). For this reason, most researchers have viewed language learning strategy diversely as follows. Schemeck (1988) defined strategy as the performance of a set of actions (tactics) for accomplishing some goal and learning strategy as a chain of actions for accomplishing learning (p. 5). Weinstein and Mayer (1986) explained that learning strategies are behaviours and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning and that are projected to persuade the learners encoding process (p. 315). More specifically, Rigney (1978) gave a definition of a learning strategy as cognitive strategy which is used to indicate operations and procedures that the student may use to acquire, retain, and retrieve different kinds of knowledge and performance (p. 165). Rubin (1975) defined strategies as the techniques or devices, which a learner may use to acquire knowledge (p. 43). Later, Rubin (1981) did a study to discover cognitive strategies in second language learning and got to know the distinction between direct and indirect language learning strategies. In 1987, Rubin proposed language learning strategies as strategies which lead to the improvement of the language structure which the learner builds and which shapes learning from then on (p. 23). She also recommended that language learning strategies consist of any set of operations, steps, plans, routines used by the learner to facilitate the obtaining, storage, retrieval and use of information (p. 19). Bialystock (1978) defined learning strategies as optional means for exploiting available information to improve competence in a second language (p. 71). He then identified four kinds of language learning strategies: (a) formal practising; (b) functional practising; (c) monitoring; and (d) inferencing. According to OMalley et al. (1985), language learning strategies have been broadly defined as any set of operations or steps used by a learner that will facilitate the acquisition, storage, retrieval or use of information (p. 23). In this study, they classified twenty-six strategies into three subgroups: metacognitive, cognitive, and social-affective. In the same way, Chamot (1987) said learning strategies are techniques, approaches, or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning and recall of both linguistic and content area information (p. 71). She proposed that some language learning strategies are observable, but some may not be. In a cognitive perspect ive, OMalley and Chamot thought of language learning strategies as the special thoughts or behaviours that individuals used to help them comprehend, learn, or retain new information (p. 1). Nisbet (1986) gave another explanation of language learning strategies as always determined and goal-oriented, but perhaps not always accepted at a conscious or deliberate level. They can be long-lasting or so speedy in implementation that it is unfeasible for the learner to bring back, recall or even be responsive that one has utilized a strategy (p. 25). Oxford and Crookall (1989) defined language learning strategies as steps taken by the learner to aid the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of information (p. 404). They noted that strategies may be used consciously but they can also become habitual and automatic with practice. Similarly, Oxford (1990) claimed that learning strategies are steps taken by students to enhance their own learning (p. 1), and she said they were specific actions taken by the learner to make learning easier, faster, more enjoyable, more self-directed, more effective, and more transferable to new situations (p. 8). Scrella Oxford (1992) found that learnin g strategies were specific actions, behaviours, steps, or techniques-such as seeking out conversation partners, or giving oneself encouragement to tackle a difficult language task-used by students to enhance their own learning (p. 63). MacIntyre (1994) argued that the term strategy implied active planning in pursuit of some goal, which was not something that would automatically occur. He emphasised the learners deliberate action of language learning strategies. He provided a different perspective of defining language learning strategies as the actions chosen by language students that are intended to facilitate language acquisition and communication (p. 190). The definition focuses more on learners intention and choice in using language learning strategies. In 1999, Nunan gave the definition of learning strategies as mental and communicative procedures learners use in order to learn and use language (p. 171). Four researchers, Chamot, Barnhadt, El-Dinary Rubbins (1999), defined learning strategies as the thoughts and actions engaged in, consciously or not, to learn new information (p. 1). Lastly, Hall (2001) referred learning strategies to goal-directed actions that were used by learners to mediate their own learni ng (p. 92). Researchers have recognized and illustrated language learning strategies which language learners use when they process new information and perform responsibilities (Hismanoglu, 2000). In the subsequent section, how different researchers have classified language learning strategies will be shortly summarized. Language learners should know exactly the strategies to be used in order to improve their achievement. Cohen, Weaver, Li (1996) argued that: Strategies for language learning and language use have been receiving ever-growing attention in the areas of foreign language teaching and learning (Oxford 1990, Cohen 1990, OMalley Chamot 1990, Wenden 1991, Brown 1991, Rubin Thompson 1994, Mendelsohn 1994, Mc Donough 1995). It is fair to say that language educators in many different contexts have been seeking ways to help students become more successful in their efforts to learn and communicate in foreign languages. The application of foreign language learning and use strategies is viewed as one vehicle for promoting greater success. A strategy is considered to be effective if it provides positive support to the students in their attempts to learn or use the foreign language. (p. 3) The Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency (2009) defines successful learners as: people who own essential literate learning skills, numeracy and information and technology of communication. people who have good sense of creativity, are resourceful in identifying and problem solving. people who process information, reason, question and carry out evaluation by themselves. people who communicate in many means. people who understand how they learn and learn from their mistakes. people who are able to learn individually and work in groups. people who have world knowledge. people who enjoy learning and are motivated to achieve the best they can now and in the future. 2.2.2 Taxonomy of Language Learning Strategies Since the 1960s, the research of language learning strategies has been conducted by many language researchers (Wenden Rubin, 1987; OMalley et al., 1985; Oxford, 1990; Stern, 1992; Ellis, 1994). Most of these attempts to categorize language learning strategies are a sign of more or less the same classifications of language learning strategies without any fundamental changes. As below, OMalleys (1985), Rubins (1987), Sterns (1992), and Oxfords (1990) taxonomies of language learning strategies will be described: 2.2.2.1 OMalleys (1985) Classification of Language Learning Strategies OMalley et al. (1985, pp. 582-584) divide language learning strategies into three main subcategories: Metacognitive Strategies Cognitive Strategies Socioaffective Strategies A. Metacognitive Strategies It can be stated that metacognitive is a term to express executive function, strategies which require planning for learning, thinking about the learning process as it is taking place, monitoring of ones production or comprehension, and evaluating learning after an activity is complete. Among the main metacognitive strategies, it is possible to include advance organizers, directed attention, selective attention, self-management, functional planning, self-monitoring, delayed production, self-evaluation. B. Cognitive Strategies Cognitive strategies are more limited to specific learning tasks and they involve more direct manipulation of the learning material itself. Repetition, resourcing, translation, grouping, note-taking, deduction, recombination, imaginary, auditory representation, key word, contextualization, elaboration, transfer, influencing are among the most important cognitive strategies. C. Socioaffective Strategies As to the socioaffective strategies, it can be stated that they are related with social-mediating activity and transacting with others. Cooperation and questioning for clarification are the main socioaffective strategies (Brown, 1987, pp. 93-94). 2.2.2.2 Rubins (1987) Classification of Language Learning Strategies Rubin, who pioneered much of the work in the field of strategies, makes the distinction between strategies contributing directly to learning and those contributing indirectly to learning. According to Rubin (1987), there are three types of strategies used by learners that contribute directly or indirectly to language learning. These are: Learning Strategies Communication Strategies Social Strategies A. Learning Strategies They are of two main types, being the strategies contributing directly to the development of the language system constructed by the learner: Cognitive Learning Strategies Metacognitive Learning Strategies A.1 Cognitive Learning Strategies They refer to the steps or operations used in learning or problem-solving that requires direct analysis, transformation, or synthesis of learning materials. Rubin identified six main cognitive learning strategies contributing directly to language learning: Clarification/Verification Guessing/Inductive Inferencing Deductive Reasoning Practice Memorization Monitoring A.2 Metacognitive Learning Strategies These strategies are used to oversee, regulate or self-direct language learning. They involve various processes as planning, prioritizing, setting goals, and self-management. B. Communication Strategies They are less directly related to language learning since their focus is on the process of participating in a conversation and getting meaning or clarifying what the speaker intended. Communication strategies are used by speakers when faced with some difficulty due to the fact that their communication ends outrun their communication means or when confronted with misunderstanding by a co-speaker. C. Social Strategies Social strategies are those activities learners engage in which afford them opportunities to be exposed to and practice their knowledge. Although these strategies provide exposure to the target language, they contribute indirectly to learning since they do not lead directly to the obtaining, storing, retrieving, and using of language (Rubin Wenden, 1987, pp. 23-27). 2.2.2.3 Sterns (1992) Classification of Language Learning Strategies According to Stern (1992, pp. 262-266), there are five main language learning strategies as follows: Management and Planning Strategies Cognitive Strategies Communicative-Experiential Strategies Interpersonal Strategies Affective Strategies A. Management and Planning Strategies These strategies are related to the learners intention to direct his own learning. A learner can take charge of the development of his own programme when he is helped by a teacher whose role is that of an adviser and resource person. This is to say that the learner must decide what commitment to make to language learning set himself reasonable goals decide on an appropriate methodology, select appropriate resources, and monitor progress, evaluate his achievement in the light of previously determined goals and expectations (Stern, 1992, p. 263). B. Cognitive Strategies They are steps or operations used in learning or problem solving that require direct analysis, transformation, or synthesis of learning materials. In the following, some of the cognitive strategies are exhibited: Clarification/Verification Guessing/Inductive Inferencing Deductive Reasoning Practice Memorization Monitoring C. Communicative-Experiential Strategies Communication strategies, such as circumlocution, gesturing, paraphrase, or asking for repetition and explanation are techniques used by learners so as to keep a conversation going. The purpose of using these techniques is to avoid interrupting the flow of communication (Stern, 1992, p. 265). D. Interpersonal Strategies They should monitor their own development and evaluate their own performance. Learners should contact with native speakers and cooperate with them. Learners must become acquainted with the target culture (Stern, 1992, pp. 265-266). E. Affective Strategies It is evident that good language learners employ distinct affective strategies. Language learning can be frustrating in some cases. In some cases, the feeling of strangeness can be evoked by the foreign language. In some cases, L2 learners may have negative feelings about native speakers of L2. Good language learners are more or less conscious of these emotional problems. Good language learners try to create associations of positive affect towards the foreign language and its speakers as well as towards the learning activities involved. Learning training can help students to face up the emotional difficulties and to overcome them by drawing attention to the potential frustrations or pointing them out as they arise (Stern, 1992, p. 266). 2.2.2.4 Oxfords (1990) Classification of Language Learning Strategies Oxford (1990, p. 9) sees the aim of language learning strategies as being oriented towards the development of communicative competence. Oxford divides language learning strategies into two main classes, direct and indirect, which are further subdivided into six groups (cognitive, memory, and compensation under the direct; metacognitive, affective, and social under the indirect class) (see Figure 1). Each of six groups shown above has some more concrete strategies, as shown in Table 1 and Table 2. Some language learning strategies which relate with learning directly are called direct strategies. All direct strategies require mental processing of the target language, but the three groups of direct strategies (cognitive, memory and compensation) do this processing differently and for different process (Oxford, 1990). Cognitive strategies, such as practising or analysing, enable learners to understand and produce new language by many different means. Memory strategies, such as grouping or using imaginary, have highly specific functions. They help students store and retrieve new information. Compensation strategies, like guessing or using synonyms, allow learners to use the language despite their often large gaps in knowledge. Other language learning strategies are called indirect strategies because they support and manage language learning without, in many instances, directly involving the target language (Oxford, 1990). Indirect strategies are divided into metacognitive, affective and social. Metacognitive strategies allow learners to control their own cognition; that is, learners can coordinate their own learning processes by using study habits such as centering, arranging, planning and evaluating. Affective strategies help regulate emotions, motivations and attitudes. Social strategies help students to learn through interaction with others. Indirect strategies are useful in virtually all language learning situations and are applicable to all four language skills: listening, reading, speaking and writing. 2.2.3 Characteristics of Language Learning Strategies Clouston (1997) maintains that the terminology is given differently by researchers, some use the terms learner strategies (Wendin Rubin, 1987), others learning strategies (OMalley Chamot, 1990; Chamot OMalley, 1994), and others still use language learning strategies (Oxford, 1990a, 1996), but there are a number of fundamental characteristics in the commonly acknowledged analysis of LLS. First, learners generate LLS which are steps taken by learners of the language. Second, LLS improve language learning and facilitate enlarge language competency, as feedback in the learners skills in listening, speaking, reading or writing the L2 or FL. Third, LLS might be able to be seen (behaviours, steps, techniques, etc.) or unseen (thoughts, mental processes). Four, LLS engage information and memory (vocabulary knowledge, grammar rules, etc.). Reading the LLS literature, additional aspects of LLS are less consistently acknowledged. Oxford (1990a) and others such as Wenden and Rubin (1987) distinguish an aspiration for control and independence of learning on the part of the learner all the way through LLS. Cohen (1990) persists that only mindful strategies are LLS, and that there must be a selection about the part of the learner. Strategy transferring from one language or language skill to another is an associated purpose of LLS, as Pearson (1988) and Skehan (1989) have argued. In her teacher-oriented text, Oxford sums up her opinion of LLS by citing twelve vital qualities. Additionally, she states that LLS: let learners become more self-directed enlarge the responsibilities of language teachers are problem-oriented include many points of view, not just the cognitive can be educated are changeable are manipulated by a wide range of factors (Oxford, 1990a, p. 9) 2.2.4 Factors Influencing Strategy Choice There are several factors which affect the second language learner with regard to types of strategies she or he chooses to use. Oxford (1994) concluded available research on how the